Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

lab diagnostics > diseases of the respiratory system > Flashcards

diseases of the respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What defines respiratory failure?

A

failure in gas exchange; either failure of oxygenation or failure in CO2 elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is respiratory failure diagnosed?

A 
 Arterial blood gases (diagnosis of respiratory failure is based on arterial blood gases analysis 
   PaO2
    PaCO2, pH
 Chest imaging
 Chest x-ray
 CT sacn
 Ultrasound
 Ventilation–perfusion scan
 Respiratory mechanics
 Spirometry (FVC, FEV1, Peak flow)
 Respiratory muscle pressures
MIP (maximum inspiratory pressure)
MEP (maximum expiratory pressure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the different types of respiratory failure?

A

Type 1: partial; hypoxemic; pO245/50mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Compare Type 1 and Type 2 respiratory failure

A

Type 1: associated with acute disease of the lung
ex) pulmonary edema, cardiogenic, noncardiogenic(ARDS), pneumonia, pulmonary hemmorage, lung collapse

Type 2: total; drug overdose, neuromuscular disease, chest wall problems, lung deformity, COPD, bronchial asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Compare acute respiratory failure to chronic respiratory failure

A

acute: develops over minutes to hours; pH quickly drops below 7.2
ex) ammonia, ARDS

chronic: develops over days, increase in HCO3, slight decrease in pH
ex) polycythemia, cyanosis, cor pulmonale, COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the blood lactate concentration imply about the status of the lungs?

A

reflects the degree of tissue hypoxia
should be measured to fresh venous blood or capillaries
normal levels are between 0.5-1.5mmol/L
concentrations > 3-4mmol/L indicate lactic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ARDS?

A

cyanosis refractory to O2 therapy
decreased lung compliance
diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What encourages ARDS?

A 
 Shock
 Aspiration of gastric contents
 Trauma
 Infections
 Inhalation of toxic gases and fumes
 Drugs and poisons
 Miscellaneous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of ARDS?

A

inflammatory mediators causing damage to capillary endothelium, damage to alveolar epithelium, increased alveolar permeability results in alveolar edema and fluid accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the lab tests show in ARDS?

A

decrease in pO2 (increases with oxygen therapy)
pCO2 initially decreases then increases
tissue hypoxia leads to lactic acidosis: decrease in pH, decrease in HCO3, decrease in BE
increase in lactate concentration and increase in anion gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is acute bronchitis? Signs and symptoms?

A

frequent bacteria airway infection

cough, expectoration, abnormalities upon auscultation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do the lab tests show about acute bronchitis?

A

increase in inflammatory markers: WBC, neutrophils,ESR, CRP

sputum culture sometimes necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation and infiltration of lung parenchyma. Typically caused by the infection and the associated immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the etiology of pneumonia? Types of pneumonia?

A

bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoal

Hospital acquired: usually gram - strains
Klebisiella pneumo, Proteus, E.coli
severe course, poor prognosis

Community acquired: usually gram + strains
Diplococcus pneumo, Streptococcus
better course and prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the laboratory tests for pneumonia?

A

gasometry/acid base status (respiratory failure possible )
CBC with WBC differential; ESR/CRP
electrolytes, urea/BUN, creatinine
microbiological tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the materials for biological testing in pneumonia?

A

 Sputum
 Throat swabs
 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
 Blood

17
Q

What is bronchial asthma?

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory system leads to paraoxysmal bronchial response resulting in bronchospasm and airway obstruction

18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of bronchial asthma?

A

Attacks of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing, occurring more frequently during the night and morning

19
Q

What are the laboratory tests performed for bronchial asthma suspicion?

A 
 Allergy diagnostics
 skin prick testing (SPT)
 immunglobulin E (total and allergen specific IgE)
 histamine, mast cell tryptase
 Immune complexes
 Exacerbation / Status asthmaticus
 gasometry / Acid-Base Status
 lactate
 Teophylline TDM
20
Q

How is total serum IgE measured?

A

immunoassays are used
reference range is: <0.3mg/L
total IgE may be raised in non allergic situations: parasites, vasculitis, tumors

21
Q

What is COPD?

A

Irreversible airflow obstruction, usually progressive, caused by an abnormal inflammatory response of lung to harmful dusts and gases

22
Q

What are COPD lab test results?

A

gasometry: decrease in pH, pO2, satO2; increase in pCO2
CBC: increase in Ht, HBC, Hb
lactate
sputum culture
serum A-antitypsin deficiency ( patients <41 y.o)

23
Q

What is pulmonary heart disease?

A

right heart failure developing in the course of COPD:
chronic respiratory failure, cyanosis, edema, hepatomegaly, dyspnea, cough

chronic increase in respiratory (increase in pCO2) and metabolic acidosis (decrease in pO2)

24
Q

Why does oxygen therapy require tight monitoring?

A

because and increase in pO2 may cause respiratory depression, hypercapnea and respiratory acidosis

25
Q

What is the course of infection in pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

interaction of mycobacteria with activated macrophages causing caseous necrosis formation…period of cellular immune response which initiates cavity formation

the diagnosis of tuberculosis should be confirmed bacteriologically

26
Q

What are the laboratory tests done to diagnose tuberculosis?

A

culture and molecular techniques

27
Q

What are fast culture methods used in TB?

A

BACTEC: culture medium enriched with 14C or enzymes/substrates (radiometric, colorimetric, or flourescent measurements)

LRP test

28
Q

What are molecular methods used in diagnosing TB?

A

genetic probe/DNA
PCR
RFLP/DNA fingerprinting

more specifically:
 Roche Amplicor (Cobas & “Manual”)
 Abbott LCx (LCR)
 GenProbe Direct (TMA)
 BD ProbeTec ET (SDA)
29
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A 
Idiopathic systemic disease characterized
by accumulation of lymphocytes and
monocytes in tissues to form caseous
granuloma with subsequent changes in
the morphology of affected organs
30
Q

What are the lab tests performed when testing for sarcoidosis?

A 
 CBC
 Protein; electrophoresis
 CRP or ESR
 Blood gases
 Angiotensine converting enzyme (ACE) activity
 Kidney function tests
 Liver function tests
31
Q

What do the lab results show with sarcoidosis?

A 
down Lymphocytes
up Globulins
up CRP/ESR
up serum and urinary
up ACE
up AP, ALT, Bilirubin
Circulating immune complexes

lab diagnostics (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions