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Renal Pathology > Diseases Of The Glomerulus > Flashcards

Diseases Of The Glomerulus Flashcards

1
Q

It is defined as reduced urine output below 400mL/day.

A

Oliguria

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2
Q
A

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

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3
Q
  • Syndrome associated with severe glomerular injury but does not denote a specific etiology form of glomerulonephritis.
  • Rapid progressive and loss of renal function
  • Nephritic Syndrome
  • Presence of crescents of the glomeruli
A

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

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4
Q

Denotes the accumulation of material that is homogeneous and eosinophilic by light microscopy.

A

Hyalinosis

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5
Q
A

Normal Glomerulus: Minimal Change Disease

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6
Q
  • Results from low serum albumin producing a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure, which allows transudation of fluid from capillary beds into the extracellular space.
  • Characteristically soft and pitting and is most marked in the periorbital region and dependent portions of the
A

Edema

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7
Q
A

Foot Process Effacement

-Minimal Change Disease

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8
Q

Reflected by stereotypic morphologic changes in the podocytes, which include effacement of foot processes, vacuolization, and retraction and detachment of cells from the GBM, and functionally by proteinuria.

A

Epithelial Cell Injury (podocyte injury)

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9
Q
  • Defined as the presence of a diminished GFR (less than 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 for at least 3 months)
  • Persistent albuminuria.
  • Present with clinically silent decline in renal excretory function in milder forms
  • Signs of uremia.
A

Chronic Kidney Disease

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10
Q
  • Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children (85-90% cases in childrens under 6 years)
  • Account for up to 20% of adults with primary nephrotic syndrome.
  • LIGHT MICROSCOPY: no abnormalities.
  • IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE: negative, negative complement deposition.
  • ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: Characterized by foot process
  • effacement.
A

Minimal Change

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11
Q

Presence of an excessive number of red blood cells in the urine.

It can be:

  • Microscopic (visible only with the aid of a microscope)
  • Macroscopic (urine that is tea-colored or cola-colored, pink, or even red).

Can result from injury to the kidney or to another site in the urinary tract.

A

Hematuria

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12
Q
A

FSGS

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13
Q
  • Glomerular inflammation resulting in a reduction in GFR.
    • Hematuria
    • RBC cast
    • Azotemia ( increased Cr, serum BUN)
    • Oliguria
    • Mild to moderate hypertension.
    • Proteinuria (<3.5g/day) and edema are common
A

Nephritic Syndrome

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14
Q
A

IgA Nephropathy

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15
Q
  • Elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels and is
  • Related largely to a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
A

Azotemia

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16
Q
A

Crescentic IgA Neprophathy

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17
Q
A

IgA Nephropathy

  • Silver Stain
18
Q

When it only can be made the minicmal change diagnosis?

A

when effacement is associated with normal glomeruli by light microscopy

19
Q
  • Caused by a derangement in glomerular barrier resulting in increased permeability to plasma proteins.
    • Proteinuria, >3.5 g/day; >40mg/h per m2 in children.
    • Hypoalbuminemia <3.5g/dl.
    • Generalized edema
    • Hypercholesterolemia
    • Lipiduria
A

Neprotic Syndrome

20
Q

What tha fuck are pointing the arrows?

A

Filtration Slits

21
Q

Damage to any one of the three layers, increasing the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier wil cause: ________

A

Proteinuria

22
Q
  • Accounts for less than 15% cases of nephrotic syndrome in children.
  • And up to 25% cases in adults.
  • Some forms results from mutations in podocyte proteins.
  • Prone to rapid recurrence.
  • Gene Mutations: NPHS1 and NPHS2
  • Focal and segmental lesions may involve only a minority of the glomeruli.
  • On electron microscopy both sclerotic and nonsclerotic areas show diffuse effacement of foot processes
A

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

23
Q

Deposition of extracellular collagenous matrix

  • Result in obliteration of some or all of the capillary lumens in affected

glomeruli.

A

Sclerosis

24
Q

It is characterized by reduced urine output (<100mL urine per day), reflecting renal injury.

A

Anuria

25
Q

Etiology: Any cause of decreased circulating blood volumes

  • Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
  • Burns
  • Diarrhea
  • Diuretics.
  • Volume sequestration
  • Reduction in cardiac output from vasodilation.
  • Severe vasoconstriction caused by NSAIDS.
A

Prerenal Azotemia

26
Q
A

Minimal Change

  • Stain: PAS
27
Q
  • It usually appears 1 to 4 weeks after a streptococcal infection of the pharynx or skin (impetigo) with specific (nephritogenic) strains of group A B- Hemolytic streptococci.
  • Most commonly affects children from 6 to 10 years of age.
  • Nephritic Syndrome
  • LM: Diffuse glomerular hypercellularity and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes or macrophages.
  • IF: Depositions of igG, C3 and ocasionally IgM
  • EM: 􏰂􏰈subepithelial deposists “humps” can be seen along the GBM.
A

Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

28
Q
A

Normal glomerular tuft with surrounding Bowman’s capsule and hilar arterioles.

  • Silver Stain
29
Q
  • Rapid decline in GFR
  • Concurrent dysregulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Retention of metabolic waste (including urea and creatinine)
  • Oliguria or Anuria
  • It can result from glomerular, interstitial, vascular or acute tubular injury.
A

Acute Kidney Injury

30
Q

Supplies only a semiquantitative measurement of urine albumin, which is expressed on a scale from 0 to +++ or ++++.

A

Albumin Reagent Strip

31
Q

When prerenal and postrenal azotemia have been excluded as etiologies of renal failure, an ________________ is present.

A

Intrinsic Renal Disease

32
Q

Wich type of technique is use to examinate immunoglobulins, complement system and detect prescence of fibrin?

A

Immunofluorescence and Immunoperoxidase Microscopy

33
Q
  • Berger’s Disease
  • Deposition of IgA immune complexes in the glomerular mesangium.
  • Is the prototype of a mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis.
  • Frequent in Asian populations and in American Indians.
  • Its most frequent in the third decade of life.
  • I􏰅􏰄􏰂s associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
  • Linked to galactose-deficient IgA1 molecules and increased formation of anti-GD-IgA immune complexes
A

IgA Nephropathy

34
Q
A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I

35
Q
  • Accounts for approximately 20 to 30 percent of cases of nephrotic syndrome in Caucasian adults.
  • Incidence peak during the fourth and fifth decades of life.
  • Male to female ratio 2:1
  • Associated with hepatitis B, autoimmune diseases, hyroiditis, malignancies, and the use of certain drugs such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  • Immunofluoresence:Deposition of igG and C3 in walls
A

Membranous Nephropathy

36
Q

Wich stains are used to identify a glomerular disease unde light microscopy?

A
  • Hematoxylin-eosin (HE)
  • Periodic acid􏰀Schiff (PAS) reaction.

Evaluation of:

  • Cellularity and matrix expansion.
37
Q

It is defined as increased volume of urine (>3 L of urine per day).

A

Polyuria

38
Q

Misshapen red cells that have been distorted by osmotic and chemical stress as red blood cells pass through the nephron. (less than 10% of cases)

A

Glomerular Hematuria

39
Q
A

Membranous Nephropathy

40
Q

Azotemia + Constellation of clinical sings and symptoms + biochemical abnormalities = ____________

  • Characterized by: Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, anorexia , weight los, muscle cramps, pruritus, mental status changes, visual disturbances, increased thirst.
A

Uremia

41
Q
  • Urinary tract obstruction (<5% of cases of acute renal failure)
  • Can be caused by congenital abnormalities such as:
    • Vesicoureteral reflux
    • Blockage of the ureters by kidney stones
    • Pregnancy
    • Compression of the ureters by cancer, prostatic hyperplasia
    • Blockage of the urethra by kidney or bladder stones
A

Post Renal Azotemia

Renal Pathology (4 decks)

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