Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Opthalmology > Diseases of the External Eye > Flashcards

Diseases of the External Eye Flashcards

1
Q

3 Parts of Conjuctiva

A

Palpebral
Forniceal
Bulbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lines the anterior sclera

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Includes the caruncle and plica semilunaris at the medial canthus

A

Bulbar Conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many layers of epithelial cells are found in conjunctiva

A

2-5 layers of stratified columnar epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the conjunctiva?

A

Stratified Columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Superficial or Basal Epithelium of Conjunctiva?

Secretes goblet cells and makes conjunctiva moist

A

Supeficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Superficial or Basal Epithelium of Conjunctiva?

Contains Melanocytes and Lymphocytes

A

Basal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 Parts of Conjunctival stroma

A

Superficial adenoid and deep or fibrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when is superficial adenoid begins to form?

A

2nd to 3rd month of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Conjunctival stroma that contains lymphoid tissue and follicle like structures

A

Superficial adenoid conjunctival stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Connective tissue loosely bound to tarsus

A

Deep or Fibrous Stroma conjunctival stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Accessory lacrimal glands found in the deep/ fibrous stroma of conjunctiva

A

Krause and Wolfring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Signs of Conjunctival Pathology

A 
Vascular changes
Hyperemia
Dilated Vessels
Swelling/Edema/Chemosis
Discolorations
Discharge
Masses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Icteria affects the sclera or conjunctiva?

A

Conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms of Conjunctival Pathology

A 
Discomfort
Foreign body sensation
Itching
Burning sensation
Tearing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Categorize Conjunctival Injection:

Conjunctivitis

A

Conjunctival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Categorize Conjunctival Injection:

Corneal Ulceration

A

Mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Categorize Conjunctival Injection:

Rosacea

A

Pericorneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Categorize Conjunctival Injection:

Foreign body near the limbus

A

Pericorneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Categorize Conjunctival Injection:

Herpetic keratitis

A

Pericorneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Categorize Conjunctival Injection:

Episcleritis

A

Ciliary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Categorize Conjunctival Injection:

Scleritis

A

Ciliary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Categorize Conjunctival Injection:

Disciform Keratitis

A

Ciliary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Categorize Conjunctival Injection:

Iritis

A

Ciliary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Categorize Conjunctival Injection:

Cyclitis

A

Ciliary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Congestion at the periphery

The color is more redish

A

Conjunctival Congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Congestion is more at the perilimbar area (beside the limbus)

A

Ciliary Congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What vessels are involved in Ciliary congestion?

A

Anterior (Deep) Conjunctival Vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Congestion that is more localized

A

Pericorneal Congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How to differentiate Conjunctival from Ciliary Congestion using ocular decongestant?

A

Ocular decongestant is only efficient in conjunctival congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

2 major reactions that occur in conjunctiva

A

Follicular and Papillary Reaction

But mixed type can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What vessels are involved in Conjunctival congestion?

A

Posterior (Superficial) Conjunctival Vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What conjunctival reaction will have lymphoid germinal centers?

A

Follicular Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What conjunctival reaction will have smooth nodules?

A

Follicular reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What conjunctival reaction will have avascular apices surrounded by fine vessels at the base?

A

Follicular reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Pathogens involved in Follicular reaction

A 
Adenovirus
Enterovirus
Molluscum contagiosum
HSV
Chlamydia
Drug toxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What conjunctival reaction will have non specific response?

A

Papillary reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Papillary reaction is seen on?

A

Upper Tarsal Conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What pattern is seen in Papillary reaction?

A

Fine mosaic pattern of dilated telangiectatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In papillary reaction, each papilla has a central fibrovascular core that gives rise to a vessel branching out in a _____ pattern

A

Spoke-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

3 Major types of conjunctivitis

A

Bacterial
Viral
Allergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Mainstay of treatment in Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Supportive Treatment
Steroids
Frequent handwashing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Pathogen involved in Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis

A

Adenovirus 8, 11, 19

Clue: 8+ 11 is 19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Pathogen involved in Pharyngoconjunctival fever

A

Adenovirus 3, 4, 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Onset of Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Acute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Onset of Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

Acute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Onset of Gonococcal / Newborn Conjunctivitis

A

Hyperacute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Manifestation of Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Watery Discharge
Pre-auricular lymphadenopathy
Mixed papillary- follicular

Others:
Photophobia
Foreign body sensation
Chemosis
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Pseudo membrane or true membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Usual complaint in Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Cant open eyes because of matting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Manifestation of Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Purulent or mucopurulent discharge
Photophobia
Foreign body sensation
Matting of eyelashes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Most common etiology of Bacterial conjunctivitis

A 
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Chlamydia
Haemophilus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Mainstay of treatment in Bacteria Conjunctivitis

A

Antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Description of discharge in gonococcal conjunctivitis

A

Cheesy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Mode of transmission of gonococcal conjunctivitis

A

Genital-Hand-Ocular transmission

example: Myth of treating eyes with urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Involvement of cornea in Gonococcal conjunctivitis can progress to?

A

Melting and perforation of intact epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Classic cause of neonatal conjunctivitis

A

Perinatal transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Gram stain result of Gonococcal conjunctivitis

A

Presence of Gram negative intracellular diplococci

Coffee/ kidney shaped diplococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Antibiotic used in Gonococcal conjunctivitis

A

Ceftriaxone
Adults: 500- 1000 mg
Children: 250 mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Concurrent infection with gonococcal conjunctivitis

A

Chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Antibiotic used in gonococcal conjunctivitis plus chlamydia

A

Azithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Other name for Chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

Inclusion Conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Etiology of Chlamydial Conjunctivitis

A

Chlamydia trachomatis D to K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Conjunctival response in Chlamydial Conjunctivitis

A

Follicular response with non tender lymphadenopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Gram stain result of Chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

Presence of inclusion bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Sequelae of Chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

Trachoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Other diseases in concurrent with Chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

Urethritis

Cervicitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Result of neovascularization in trachoma

A

Pannus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Evidence of scarring on the conjunctiva in Trachoma

A

Arlt’s line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Basedown configuation of keratic precipitates on the corneal epithelium

A

Arlt’s triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Duration of Viral conjunctivitis

A

3 days to 1 week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Arlt’s Trangle is seen in?

A

Uveitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Elevated lesion found under the lids causing constant pressure with the cornea and limbus can cause?

A

Herbert’s pit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

In acute setting, follicular conjunctivitis and epithelial keratitis can be seen in?

A

Trachoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Depression or atrophic follicles at the corneal limbus representing areas that are slightly thinned out

A

Herbert’s pit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

True of False

Herbert’s pit can lead to secondary bacterial infection

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Allergic Conjunctivitis?

A

Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Hallmark of Allergic Conjunctivitis

A

Itching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is present in allergic Conjunctivitis?

A

IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What type of allergen causes allergic Conjunctivitis?

A

Airborne allergens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Temporal profile of allergic Conjunctivitis

A

Episodic and Short lived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Presence of diffuse papillary hypertrophy with giant cobblestone papillae

A

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis

A

Topical antihistamines
Mast cell stabilizers
Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Signs and symptoms of vernal keratoconjunctivitis

A 
Intense itching
Blepharospasms
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Copius mucoid discharge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Epidemiology of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis

A

Young males
4-16 yo
History of Atopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Type of Seasonal, Reccuring, Bilateral Allergic Conjunctivitis

A

Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Pathognomonic to Limbal Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis

A

Horner Trantas Dots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Limbus is thickened and gelatinous with scattered opalescent mounds and vascular injection

A

Limbal Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Oval or shield-shaped sterile epithelial ulcers with underlying stromal opacification

A

Shield ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Chronic Inflammation of the conjunctiva with prominent papillary hypertrophy

A

Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Commonly associated with contact lens use (protein debris and chemical cleansers)

A

Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Seen in Ocular prosthesis, Loose Nylon Suture sand Filtering blebs

A

Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Rupture of conjunctival blood vessel due to trauma, valsalva, blood dyscrasia or infection

Or pooling of blood in the subconjunctival space

A

Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

True or False

Subconjunctival hemorrhage will cause blurring of vision

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Treatment of Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

A 
Observe (7-14 days)
Vitamin C
Ocular Lubricants
Cold compress (1st 12 to 24 hrs)
Warm compress succeeding hours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Congenital hamartomas that consists of nests of modified melanocytes

A

Conjunctival Nevus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Modified melanocytes also know as?

A

Nevus cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Types of Conjunctival Nevus

A

Junctional
Compound
Subepithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

True or False

Conjunctival Nevus are usually malignant

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Represent trapped foreign body such as dust in the conjunctival epithelium

A

Conjunctival Concretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Symptom of Conjunctival Concretions

A

Foreign body sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Elevated, fleshy conjunctival masses located in the inter-palpebral region, most commonly on the nasal side

A

Pinguecula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Worsened Pinguecula can lead to?

A

Pterygium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Usual color of Pinguecula

A

Yellow or light brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Associated conditions with Pinguecula

A

Chronic Actinic exposure
Repeated Trauma
Dry windy condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Triangular wing-shaped fleshy fibrovascular tissue encroaching upon the cornea occurring at the nasal side but can also occur in both nasal and temporal

A

Pterygium (Pugita)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Pterygium that meets at the center is called

A

Kissing Pterygium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Aka Surfer’s Disease

A

Pterygium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Risk Factors for Pterygium

A 
UV	light
Wind & dust
Farmers
Fishermen
People exposed to sunlight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Indications for surgery in Pterygium

A

Reduced vision due to invasion of visual axis
Irregular astigmatism
Significant ocular irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

True or False

Pyrogenic represents granulomatous inflammation

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Reactive proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and granulation tissue

A

Pyrogenic Granuloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Raised, fleshy, red, pedunculated lesion from skin or conjunctiva

A

Pyrogenic Granuloma

113
Q

Occurs after inflammatory conditions such as chalazia or chemical burns, or after conjunctival surgery

A

Pyrogenic Granuloma

114
Q

If you suture from a cataract extraction or pterygium excision, you can also get this type of granuloma due to the retained sutures

A

Suture Granuloma

115
Q

Clinically appears similar to a pyogenic granuloma

A

Suture Granuloma

116
Q

Management for Suture Ganuloma

A

Remove suture

Steroids

117
Q

Focal, translucent lymphocytic nodules located at the limbus

A

Conjunctival/ Corneal Phlyctenules

118
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Conjunctival/ Corneal Phlyctenules?

A

Type 3 or Cell Mediated

119
Q

Pathogens involved in Conjunctival/ Corneal Phlyctenules

A

Staphylococcus

TB bacilli

120
Q

Management for Conjunctival/ Corneal Phlyctenules

A

Steroids

Treat underlying cause

121
Q

Commonly seen in Children with Tuberculosis

A

Conjunctival/ Corneal Phlyctenules

122
Q

If Conjunctival/ Corneal Phlyctenules wander across the cornea, what will happen?

A

Vascularization and Scarring

123
Q

True or False

Conjunctival Viral Papilloma is malignant

A

False (but can be premalignant in older adults)

124
Q

Agent of Conjunctival Viral Papilloma

A

Papilloma Virus

125
Q

Treatment of Conjunctival Viral Papilloma

A

Excision and Cryotherapy

126
Q

Localized to the epithelium, does not invade the epithelial basement membrane

A

Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)

127
Q

Treatment of Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)

A

Excision and Cryotherapy

128
Q

Pathognomonic sign of Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)

A

Gelatinous, sessile appearance with corkscrew like vessels at the limbus

129
Q

Intraepithelial melanocytes proliferation → multiple flat, brown patches of unilateral pigmentation within superficial conjunctiva

A

Conjunctival Primary Acquired Melanosis (PAM)

130
Q

Nodules develop in previously flat lesion

A

Conjunctival Primary Acquired Melanosis (PAM)

131
Q

Malignant potential of Conjunctival Primary Acquired Melanosis (PAM)

A

Melanoma (20-30%)

132
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Atopic KC?

A

Type 1
IgE Mediated
Immediate Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity

133
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Hay Fever Conjunctivitis

A

Type 1
IgE Mediated
Immediate Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity

134
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Chronic Cicatricial Conjunctivitis?

A

Type 2

Cytotoxic

135
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Ocular Cicatricial Pehphigoid?

A

Type 2

Cytotoxic

136
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is is Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca? (Sjogren Syndrome)

A

Type 3

Immune/ Ag-Ab Complex mediated

137
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Plytenulosis?

A

Type 4

Delayed hypersensitivity

138
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is corneal transplant rejection?

A

Type 4

Delayed hypersensitivity

139
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is reaction to chemical exposure?

A

Type 4

Delayed hypersensitivity

140
Q

What type of collagen is present in Decrement’s Membrane of cornea?

A

Type 3 (and type 4)

141
Q

What type of collagen is present in Epithelial basement membrane and Decrement’s Membrane of cornea?

A

Type 4

142
Q

Major collagen type present in cornea

A

Type 1- 90%

Type 2- 10%

143
Q

Thickness of cornea

A
  1. 5- 0.6 mm at center

0. 6- 0.8 mm at lumbus

144
Q

Diameter of cornea

A

11.5- 11.7 mm

145
Q

True or False

Cornea has myelinated nerve endings

A

False (Unmyelinated)

146
Q

True or False

Cornea is avascular

A

True

147
Q

How cornea receive its nutrients?

A

Diffusion

From Neurotrophins

148
Q

True or False

Cornea is the anterior 10% of the eye

A

True

149
Q

What is the main function of Cornea?

A

Optical function/ Transmission of light/ Light Refraction
Structural integrity
Protects ocular content

150
Q

What are the 2 parts of the eye with refractive power?

A

Cornea (major/ 2/3)

Lens (minor/ 1/3)

151
Q

Total refractive power of the eye

A

60D

152
Q

Refractive power of cornea

A

42- 43 D

153
Q

Refractive power of lens

A

19- 35 D

154
Q

Corneal inflammation aka?

A

Keratitis

155
Q

Keratits associated with tissue necrosis, may involve all corneal layers, and usually form a microbial cause

A

Ulcerative Keratitis

156
Q

Keratitis not associated with tissue loss/ necrosis

A

Non-ulcerative Keratitis

157
Q

Bacterial cause of Keratitis

A 
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Pseudomonas
Moraxella
Haemophilus
Neisseria
Enterobacteria	
Nocardia
Mycobacterium
158
Q

Fungal cause of Keratitis

A

Aspergillus
Fusarium
Mycelia
Candida

159
Q

Parasitic cause of Keratitis

A

Acanthamoeba
Microsporida
Toxocara

160
Q

Viral cause of Keratitis

A 
HSV
VZV
Adenovirus
EBV
Poxvirus
161
Q

Medical term for pus in the eye, characteristic of Bacterial Keratitis

A

Hypopyon

162
Q

Brush like border of bacterial keratitis

A

Pseudomonas

163
Q

Distinct border of bacterial keratitis

A

Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Moraxella

164
Q

Advancing border of bacterial keratitis

A

Streptococcus

165
Q

Aka Dry eye disease

A

Non-ulcerative Keratitis

166
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Acute
Painful
Red	eye
Decreased vision
Rapid evolution
Persistent mucopurulent	 discharge
Trauma or Contact	Lens use
Associated eye disease
A

Bacterial

167
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Slow
Red
Painful eye
Decreased vision
Trauma with organic/ vegetable matter (leaves or twigs)
Topical steroid use
A

Fungal

168
Q

Atypical border of bacterial keratitis

A

Mycobacterium

169
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Sticky Hypopyon

A

Fungal

170
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Satellite Lesion and Feathery Borders

A

Fungal

171
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Presence of epithelial plaque

A

Fungal

172
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Presence of Immune ring

A

Fungal

173
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Presence of Scleritis

A

Fungal and Parasitic

174
Q

Gram stain and Giemsa stain result of Fungal Keratitis

A

Presence of Hyphal element

175
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Slow
Protracted progressive	
course
Red	eye
Severe pain out of proportion with clinical	 findings (patient seems to be acting only)
Decreased vision
\+/- CTL	use
Commonly mis-dx as HSV
A

Parasitic (Acanthamoeba) Keratitis

176
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Severe Pain out of Proportion

A

Parasitic (Acanthamoeba) Keratitis

177
Q

Parasitic (Acanthamoeba) Keratitis is commonly misdiagnosed as?

A

HSV infeciton

178
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Punctate epithelial keratitis

A

Parasitic (Acanthamoeba) Keratitis and Viral Keratitis

179
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Radial perineuritis

A

Parasitic (Acanthamoeba) Keratitis

180
Q

Seen in late phase of Parasitic Keratitis

A

Ring infiltratrates

181
Q

Culture result in parasitic keratitis

A

E. coli overlay

182
Q

Calcofluor white stain result of parasitic keratitis

A

Double walled cyst

183
Q

Calcofluor white stain result of parasitic keratitis

A

Double walled cyst

184
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Subacute
Red	eye
Decreased vision
Photophobia
Less painful
Mild	foreign body sensation
\+/- trauma,	
Associated illness or stress
Majority	of patients have a recurrent ocular disease
A

Viral

185
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Subacute
Red	eye
Decreased vision
Photophobia
Less painful
Mild	foreign body sensation
\+/- trauma,	
Associated illness or stress
Majority	of patients have a recurrent ocular disease
A

Viral

186
Q

Temporal profile of Keratitis

Bacterial?
Viral?
Fungal?
Parasitic?

A

Bacterial- Acute
Viral- Subacute
Fungal and Parasitic- Slow

187
Q

Treatment of choice in Viral Keratitis

A

Topical or Oral Acyclovir

188
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Epithelial, Stromal, Endothelial, Keratouveitis

A

Viral Keratitis

189
Q

Bacterial/ Fungal/ Parasitic or Viral Keratitis?

Coalesce, become dendritic, geographic (if with history of topical steroid use)

A

Viral Keratitis

190
Q

What viral cause of Keratitis?

Dendrites, terminal bulbs, dichotomous branching

A

HSV

191
Q

What viral cause of Keratitis?

Pseudodendrites, no terminal bulbs, heaped up epithelium, irregular branching

A

VSV

192
Q

A multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability, with potential damage to the ocular surface

A

Dry eye disease

193
Q

Dry eye disease is accompanied by (Increase or Decrease?) osmolarity of tear film & inflammation of the ocular surface

A

Increase

194
Q

Most frequently diagnosed disorder in Opthalmology

A

Dry Eye Disease

195
Q

Frequent cause of Dry Eye Disease

A

Ocular Irritation

196
Q

Severe forms of dry eye disease ranked equivalent to _____ in quality of life utility assessments

A

Unstable angina

197
Q

2 Types of Dry Eye Disease

A

Aqueous Deficient and Evaporative

198
Q

2 Types of Aqueous Deficient Dry Eye disease

A

Sjogren Syndrome Dry Eye and Non-Sjogren Syndrome Dry Eye

199
Q

Sjogren Syndrome Dry Eye or Non-Sjogren Syndrome Dry Eye?

Lacrimal Deficiency
Lacrimal Obstruction
Reflex Block
Systemic Drug

A

Non-Sjogren Syndrome Dry Eye

200
Q

2 Types of Evaporative Dry Eye Disease

A

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaporative

201
Q

Intrinsic or Extrinsic Evaporative Dry Eye?

Meibomian Oil Deficiency

A

Intrinsic Evaporative

202
Q

Intrinsic or Extrinsic Evaporative Dry Eye?

Lid Aperture Disorder

A

Intrinsic Evaporative

203
Q

Intrinsic or Extrinsic Evaporative Dry Eye?

Low blink rate

A

Intrinsic Evaporative

204
Q

Intrinsic or Extrinsic Evaporative Dry Eye?

Accutane effect

A

Intrinsic Evaporative

205
Q

Intrinsic or Extrinsic Evaporative Dry Eye?

Vitamin A Deficiency

A

Extrinsic Evaporative

206
Q

Intrinsic or Extrinsic Evaporative Dry Eye?

Topical Drug preservative

A

Extrinsic Evaporative

207
Q

Intrinsic or Extrinsic Evaporative Dry Eye?

Contact lens

A

Extrinsic Evaporative

208
Q

Intrinsic or Extrinsic Evaporative Dry Eye?

Ocular surface disease

A

Extrinsic Evaporative

209
Q

Normal Blink rate

A

15 times per minute

210
Q

Test for dry eye

A
  1. TBUT (Tear Break-up Time)
  2. Corneal and Conjunctival Staining
  3. Schirmer’s Test
  4. Tear Meniscus Height
211
Q

Test for dry eye that use fluorescein dye and observed through slit lamp

A

TBUT (Tear Break-up Time)

212
Q

TBUT (Tear Break-up Time) interpretation

> 10 seconds

A

Normal

213
Q

TBUT (Tear Break-up Time) interpretation

5-10 seconds

A

Marginal

214
Q

TBUT (Tear Break-up Time) interpretation

<5 seconds

A

Low

215
Q

Test for dry eye that shows devitalized tissue in the surface of the eye

A

Corneal and Conjunctival Staining

216
Q

Corneal and Conjunctival Staining Interpretation

Presence of stain

A

(+) Dry eye disease

217
Q

Test for dry eye that puts filter paper with graduation in the eyes then measure the wet part in mm.

A

Schirmer’s Test

218
Q

How many seconds will the patient close his/her eyes in Schirmer’s Test?

A

5 seconds

219
Q

Schirmer I or II?

Without Anesthesia

A

Schirmer I

220
Q

Schirmer I or II?

Tests reflex secretion and function of the main lacrimal gland

A

Schirmer I

221
Q

Schirmer I or II?

With Anesthesia

A

Schirmer II

222
Q

Schirmer I or II?

Tests baseline secretion; function of the accessory lacrimal gland

A

Schirmer II

223
Q

Schirmer II interpretation

Aqueous deficient

A

<5 mm

224
Q

Schirmer I interpretation

Aqueous deficient

A

<10 mm

225
Q

Normal Tear Meniscus Height

A

0.2- 0.4 mm

226
Q

Aqueous deficient Tear Meniscus Height

A

<0.2 mm

227
Q

Size of congenital small corneas (Microcornea)

A

<10 mm

228
Q

Megalocornea is usually seen in?

A

Congenital glaucoma

229
Q

“Fog or mist” corneal opacity hard to see

Seen using a slit lamp exam

A

Macula

Remember:
Slit Lamp- Macula
Penlight- Nebula
Sunlight- Leukoma

230
Q

“Stain or spot” corneal opacity

Seen using a penlight

A

Nebula

Remember:
Slit Lamp- Macula
Penlight- Nebula
Sunlight- Leukoma

231
Q

Very prominent corneal opacity

Easily seen by direct sunlight

A

Leukoma

Remember:
Slit Lamp- Macula
Penlight- Nebula
Sunlight- Leukoma

232
Q

Abnormal protrusion of the uveal tissue through a weak point in the eyeball

A

Staphyloma

233
Q

Thinning of corneal stroma

A

Kerectasia/ Keratectasia

234
Q

Cholesterol deposition around the limbus

A

Arcus senilis

235
Q

Seen in juvenile arthritis

Deposition of Calcium in the bowman’s membrane

A

Calcific band keratopathy

236
Q

Sclera begins at the ____ and terminates as the ______

A

Limbus, Optic nerve canal

237
Q

Dense, opaque, elastic connective tissue structure composed of bundles of collagen of varying diameters

A

Sclera

238
Q

Comprised ~90% or 5/6 of the outer coat of the eye

A

Sclera

239
Q

True or False

Sclera is thicker in males than females

A

True

240
Q

Sclera is thickest near the _____

A

Optic Nerve (1 mm)

241
Q

Sclera is thinnest at the ______

A

Insertion of extra ocular muscles (0.3 mm)

242
Q

At the limbus, the thickest of sclera is ____ mm

A

0.83 mm

243
Q

4 layers of sclera

A

Episclera
Stroma
Lamina Fusca
Endothelium

244
Q

Fibroelastic structure between the superficial scleral stroma and Tenon’s capsule

A

Episclera

245
Q

2 Layers of Episclera

A

Outer parietal and deeper viscera

246
Q

Associated with episcleritis

A

Autoimmune

Atopy and Rosacea

247
Q

Treatment for Episcleritis

A

Self Limiting

Phenylephrine

248
Q

Inflammation of the episclera

A

Episcleritis

249
Q

True or False

Simple Episcleritis can also span the entire episclera

A

True

250
Q

How can you differentiate Simple Episcleritis from conjunctivitis?

A

Simple episcleritis is more localized
Vessels of episcleritis in slit lamp is fixed
Does not blanch with decongestants

*Conjunctivitis- diffused, movable vessels, blanching

251
Q

Focal, well- defined area of intense redness and episcleral edema

A

Nodular Episcleritis

252
Q

True or False

Episcleritis is usually painful

A

False

253
Q

Inflammation of the Sclera

Tender globe with violaceous Sclera

A

Scleritis

254
Q

Scleritis is more common in men or women?

A

Women

255
Q

Common age of onset of scleritis

A

40- 60 yrs old

256
Q

Reaction of scleritis with Phenylephrine

A

Does not blanch

257
Q

True or False

Recurrence of scleritis is common

A

True (usually in both eyes)

258
Q

Temporal profile of scleritis

A

Gradual

259
Q

True or False

Scleritis is usually painful

A

True

SEVERE BORING PEIRCING PAIN WORSE AT NIGHT

260
Q

Types of Scleritis

A 
Diffuse anterior scleritis
Nodular anterior scleritis
Necrotizing Scleritis
Scleromalacia Perforans
Posterior	Scleritis
261
Q

Injection of episcleral and deep scleral vessels

A

Diffuse Anterior Scleritis

262
Q

True or False

Scleral thinning is not present in Diffuse Anterior Scleritis

A

True

263
Q

Identify type of Scleritis

(+) Bluish Translucent area with recurrent inflammation

A

Diffuse Anterior Scleritis

264
Q

Identify type of Scleritis

(+) Vascular Congestion

A

Diffuse Anterior Scleritis

265
Q

Scleral inflammation surrounds whitish, avascular, necrotic scleral tissue

A

Necrotizing Scleritis

266
Q

True or False

Scleral thinning is not present in Necrotizing Scleritis

A

False

267
Q

Identify type of Scleritis

(+) Bluish area to the sclera

A

Necrotizing Scleritis

268
Q

Scleritis without inflammation

A

Scleromalacia Perforans

269
Q

Identify type of Scleritis

Typical redness, pain, edema not apparent

A

Scleromalacia Perforans

270
Q

Identify type of Scleritis

Occurs in long-standing RA

A

Scleromalacia Perforans

271
Q

True or False

Scleral thinning is not present in Scleromalacia Perforans

A

False

272
Q

Identify type of Scleritis

Blue-gray to dark patch of sclera

A

Scleromalacia Perforans

273
Q

Identify type of Scleritis

(+) Hypotony

A

Scleromalacia Perforans

274
Q

True or False

Spontaneous perforation is rare in Scleromalacia Perforans

A

True

275
Q

Inflammation of sclera posterior to Ora Serrata

A

Posterior Scleritis

276
Q

True or False

Scleral thinning is not present in Posterior Scleritis

A

True

(+) Scleral Thickening on B scan, CT scan or MRI

277
Q

Identify type of Scleritis

Choroidal folds, choroidal detachment, RD, macular edema, myositis, orbital inflammation, papilledema

A

Posterior Scleritis

278
Q

Identify type of Scleritis

Pain, tenderness, proptosis, vision loss, restricted motility

A

Posterior Scleritis

279
Q

Identify type of Scleritis

Presence of T sign on B scan signifying edema on subtendon space

A

Posterior Scleritis

Opthalmology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions