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cardiopulmonary test 2 > Diseases of small ruminant respiratory system > Flashcards

Diseases of small ruminant respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

history

A

events, herd management strategies

specifics of disease/problem

results from other animals

facilities

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2
Q

remove examination

A

stance

BCS

Normal 10-33

inspiratory (obstruction/upper airway) vs expiratory (lower airway) dyspnea

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3
Q

direct examination

A

start at front

nasal d/c, facial symmetry, airflow characteristics, LN enlargement

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4
Q

layrngeal stridor

A

loud inspiratory noise heard wtih or without a stethoscope over the trachea

indicates recued diameter of larnyx

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5
Q

snore or stertor

A

deep guttural sounds on inspiratory from vibration of pharyngeal mucosa

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6
Q

thorax exam

A

small lung fields

auscultation and percussion

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7
Q

friction rub

A

dry grating sounds resulting from inflamed parietal and visceral pleura rubbing together

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8
Q

What are miscellaneous sounds that can be heard in the thorax?

A

gut sounds

rustling of skin and hair

crepitant sounds from SQ emphysema

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9
Q

Thoracic percussion findings

A

detects lesions to a depth of about 7 cm

consolidated lesions need to be about the size of a human fist to be detectable

indicates: pneumonic lesions, abscesses, tumors, enlarged nodes, thicken pleura

may elicit pain and avoidance in animals with pleuritis

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10
Q

cardiac auscultation

A

muffled–>pneumomediastinum, thoracic abscesses, diaphragmatic hernia, thoracic neoplasia

jugular distension or pulsation, peripheral edema–>HF

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11
Q

CBC

A

bacteria inf–>neutrophils>lymphocytes, absolute neutrophilia, toxic change, hyperfibrinogenemia, dysproteinemia

eosinophilia can occur in lungworm inf

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12
Q

TTW and BAL

A

septic inflammation-increased number of neutrophils, degenerate changes and intracellular bacteria

eos suggest allergic or parasitic dz

neoplastic cells rare

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13
Q

radiographs

A

space occupying masses, reticular FB, bronchopneumonia, emphysema, pneumothorax and pleuritis

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14
Q

When is U/S useful?

A

may identify early pulmonary lesions in animals with no overt clinical signs

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15
Q

lung bx

A

usually reserved for chronic intractable lung dz

to investigate unusual rad findingsor specific lesions found with imaging

complications: epistaxis, hemoptysis, pneumothorax, SQ emphysema-occurs within 24 hours

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16
Q

thoracocentesis

A

sample of pleural fluid for cytological analysis and C&S

may be followed by drainage of remaining effusion to reduce respiratory compromise and to aid recovery from pleuropneumonia

Ruminants do not accumulate large amounts of pleural effusion, effusion is thick and fibrinous

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17
Q

Nasal bots etiology

A

Oestrus ovis

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18
Q

Nasal bots epidemiology

A

all sexes, breeds and ages of sheep

goats-less common

in warm areas, adult and larvae persist in environment

in temperate zones, larvae over winter in sheep’s sinus

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19
Q

Nasal bots: pathogenesis

A

Adults: annoyance-disrupt feeding and reduce BCS, deposit larvae in and around nostril (spring through autumn)

larvae: migrate to dorsal turbinates and sinuses and develop for weeks to months; MM infection, rhinitis and sinusitis, CNS lesions, Secondary bacterial inf, then migrate back to nostrils, expelled and pupate on ground

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20
Q

nasal bots: clin sxs

A

avoidance rxn in fly seaons

rhinitis & sinusitis causes nasal d/c, sneezing and head shaking

morbidity-80%, mortality 0

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21
Q

nasal bots: tx

A

usually not necessary

for severe cases or to prevent over-wintering of larvae

larvacidal anthelmintic (ivermectin)

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22
Q

nasal bots: control

A

pine tar on nostril

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23
Q

what are the majority of neoplasms in sheep?

A

adenopapillomas, adenomas, adenocarcinomas (contagious retrovirus)

SCC reported

no breed/sex predilection

usually occurs in yearlings to adults

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24
Q

Nasal adenocarcinoma: pathogenesis

A

uni or bilateral

benign, locally expansive

olfactory region of ethmoid turbinates

probably from Bowman’s gland

death usually within 90 d of recognition from asphyxia

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25
Q

Nasal neoplasia: clin sxs

A

inspiratory dyspnea

stridor

exercise intolerance

mouth breathing

serous, mucoid or MP nasal d/c

tachpnea

decreased airflow

head shaking/sneezing

exophthalmos, facial asymmetry

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26
Q

nasal neoplasia: dx & tx

A

endoscopy +/- bx

surgical management

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27
Q

Larygneal chondritis

A

acute obstructive respiratory condition

Texels and Southdowns

severe dyspnea and laryngeal stridor

fatal if untreated

larygneal occlusion occurs due to chronic suppurative lesions usually assoc with Arcanobacterium pyogenes within laryngeal cartilages

affects rams, ewes, lambs

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28
Q

Laryngeal chondritis cause

A

grass awns

trauma

hereditary predisposition

congenital cavitations of cartilages

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29
Q

laryngeal chondritis tx

A

tracheostomy

abx

anti-inflammatories

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30
Q

largyneal chondritis prognosis

A

guarded unless caught and treated very early

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31
Q

choanal atresia

A

congenital defect in new world camelids

caused by a membranous or osseous separation of nasal and pharyngeal cavities at the level of the choanae

open mouth breathing in crias

predisposes them to fatal aspiration pneumonia

similar to human CHARGE syndrome and results from genetic defect

don’t surgically correct breeding animals

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32
Q

Pasteurellosis

A

one of the most common causes of sudden death and of pneumonia in sheep & goats

high mortality and great economic loss

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33
Q

Causal organisms for bacterial pneumonia

A
  • Mannheimia haemolytic*
  • Pasteurella trehaolsi*
  • Pasteurella mutlocida*

respiratory viruses (PI-3, AV, RSV) or Mycoplasma infections can lead to secondary bacterial infections

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34
Q

virulence factors of M. haemolytic and P. trehalosi

A

endotoxin

leukotoxin

capsular polysaccharide

35
Q

three manifestations of Pasteurellosis

A

caused by M. haemolytica: septicemia & rapid death in young lambs; pneumonia in older lambs & adults, late spring, early summer, but also in store and fattening lambs in fall and winter

caused by P. trehalosi: Septicemia & rapid death in fattening and store lambs (6-9 mo) in fall and winter

36
Q
A
37
Q

clinical signs of Pasteurellosis

A

found dead

other separated from flock, pyrexia, respiratory effort, +/- coughing

morbidity: 10%

usually some predisposing factor: movement, handling, driving, change in weather, concurrent inf

consider clostridial dz as DDx

38
Q

Tx and control of pasteurellosis

A

isolate affected sheep

treat affects and in contacts with abx (oxytetracycline)

consider treating with abx prior to stressful event if hx in flock

reduce stress factors

consider vax: passive protection in lambs for 3-4 weeks, recommend to vax early, ASAP after birth and 4 weeks later

39
Q

non progressive atypical pneumonia

A

closely resembles pneumonia in fattening pig and housed calf

problem in housed or densely stocked fattening or store lamb (3-12 mo)

associated wtih PI-3, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, RSV, adenovirus

particularly common following mixing of lambs

40
Q

non progressive atypical pneumonia clinical signs

A

chronic cough

ocular and nasal d/c

usually afebrile

occ acute pneumonic lamb-off-feed, listless, respiratory distress

reduced weight gain

41
Q

dx of non-progressive atypical pneumonia

A

clinical signs

environment

necropsy

42
Q

control of non-progressive atypical pneumonia

A

supply more fresh air

reduce numbers under one roof and in a group

divide groups by age, size and origin

abx tx during risk periods

consider Pasteurella vax

43
Q

Mycoplasma Pneumonia of Goats

A

not contagious among adults caused by several spp of Mycoplasma

44
Q

what other conditions are associated with mycoplasma pneumonia

A

polyarthritis

mastitis

conjunctivitis

keratitis

MAKePS syndrome

45
Q

Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides LC

A

emerged as serious cause of mortality amongst goat kids and does

3 syndromes: peracute illness with high fevers and death within 12-24 hr; CNS syndrome with opisthotonus and death with 24-72 hr, acute to subacute syndrome with high fever, multiple hot swollen joints and pneumonia

46
Q

dx of mycoplasma pneumonia

A

isolation of organism from milk, joint fluid, blood, urine or tissue

47
Q

tx of mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Tylosin or tetracycline may be rarely successful

artritis becomes chronic

48
Q

prevention of mycoplasma pneumonia

A

based on maintainig herds free of inf

isolate newcomers and culture milk before mixing with herd

give heat treated milk/colostrum to newborns

cull kids with swollen joints

improve milking hygiene to reduce transmission

monthly cultures of bulk tanks

treat affected and in contacts with abx

consider treating with abx prior to stressful event if hx in herd

ear mites have been proposed to possibly disseminate the inf

49
Q

contagious caprine pleuropneumonia

A

reportable disease

highly fatal dz of goats in Africa, Middle East and Western Asia

Mycoplasma capricolum ssp capripneumoniae

highly contagious

introduced by asymptomatic carrier or goat that is in incubation stage (6-10d)

rapid spread by inhalation

100% morbidity, 60-100% mortality

50
Q

clinical sxs of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia

A

fever

cough

labored breathing

recumbent

51
Q

contagious caprine pleuropneumonia diagnosis

A

Serology

latex slide agglutination assay

52
Q

contagious caprine pleuropneumonia tx

A

tylosin or oxytetracycline is highly successful

53
Q

contagious caprine pleuropneumonia prevention

A

prevnet introduction of carrier goats (quarantine 2 weeks) and vax

54
Q

Dictyocaulus filaria

A

found in trachea and bronchi

time from ingestion to larvae in feces 4 weeks

heaviest pasture inf with larvae from sept to nov

larvae can overwinter to infect next seasons lambs

mainly young animal affected

pneumonia typically caudo-dorsal distribution

55
Q

Dictyocaulus filaria clinical sxs

A

dyspnea

coughing

tachypnea

loss of weight

infection may predispose to secondary bacterial infection

56
Q

Dictyocaulus filaria dx

A

fecal exam for L1 larvae by Baermann technique

57
Q

Dictyocaulus filaria tx and control

A

benzimidazoles, levamisole, avermectins

move to fresh pasture

58
Q

Muellerius capillaris

A

most common lung worm of sheep and goats

more pathogenic in goats

indirect life cycle

59
Q

Muellerius capillaris: clinical signs

A

dyspnea

coughing

tachypnea

loss of weight

infection may predispose to secondary bacterial infections

60
Q

Muellerius capillaris: dx

A

fecal exam for L1 larvae by Baermann technique

nodular lesions in lung

61
Q

Muellerius capillaris: tx and control

A

can be difficult

Fenbendazole, Albendazole, oxfendazole, ivermectin

avoid wet pasture

tx before start of grazing season

62
Q

Caeous lymphadenitis (CLA)

A

bacterial inf char by abscessation of LNs and internal organs.

Chronic, recurring dz

reduced weight gain, repro efficiency and wool & milk pdn

63
Q

Causes of CLA

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

inf occurs through superficial skin wounds that are contaminated with material from ruptured abscesses from other sheep

able to penetrate unbroken skin & MM

environmental contamination: rupture superficial and lung abscesses, contaminated dipping vats, shearing, handling and feeding equipment

bacteria can survive for months in hay, shavings and soil

64
Q

tx of CLA

A

abx tx limited

drain abscess and thorough clean with abx topically

surgical resection

high rate of recurrence

65
Q

prevention of CLA

A

young lambs should be raised isolated from infected older animals

older animals and those with abscesses should be sheared last

disinfect equipment

skin wounds treated topically and sutured

vax-reduces incidence and prevalence of dz

new animals tested

66
Q

eradictation of CLA

A

current status of flock determined by serology

all positive animals-culled and maintain closed flock

67
Q

Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (SPA)

A

rare

morbidity 2%, mortality 100%

contagious adenomatous tumor of sheep lungs

caused by betaretrovirus (JSRV), foundin lung fluids, tumor and lymphoid tissue of affected sheed

incubation period up to 3 years

affects mature sheep 2-4 yo

68
Q

clinical sx of SPA

A

severe progressive respiratory distress

without coughing

no fever, no loss of appetite

auscultation sounds: “bubbly porridge”

weight loss

Wheelbarrow test-large volumes of clear fluid flows from the nostrils-infectious

terminal stage-fulminating pasteurellosis

69
Q

dx of SPA

A

clinical signs-wheelbarrow test

no serological test yet

necropsy-bronchalveolar carcinoma

pasteurellosis may mask presence of SPA

70
Q

Ovine progressive Pneumonia (OPP or Maedi-visna)

A

lentiviruses

char by pneumonia, arthiritis, meningitis, mastitis

usually infects lambs

long incubation peroid

71
Q

Clinical sxs of OPP

A

non-responsive pneumonia

dyspnea

weakness

emaciation

progressive hindquarter paresis

72
Q
A
73
Q

OPP causes

A

lentivirus

transmission: mainly through colostrum from dam to offspring, passed through respiratory secretions

74
Q

OPP tx

A

no tx is curative

palliative only

cull infected animals

75
Q

OPP prevention

A

prevent exposure of healthy sheep

isolate infected adult sheep

remove lambs of infected ewes before nursing occurs

test purchased animals

76
Q

OPP eradication

A

blood test to determine current flock status

cull infected sheep

complete eradication-cull all positive animals, maintain a closed flock or test all incoming animals before arrival, only keep replacement ewe lambs from negative females

77
Q

caprine arthritis encephalitis

A

lenivirus

infects monocyte-macrophage cell lines

localized to synovium, mammary gland, CNS and lung

lifelong inf

may be asymptomatic for years

transmission: via milk to nursing kids

78
Q

2 major presentation for Caprine Arthritis encephalitis

A

1) leukoencephalomyelitis 2-6 months of age, rear leg paresis, ascending to paralysis, mild interstitial pneumonia
2) chronic hyperplastic polysynovitis-adults-more common, most does also have mammary gland involvement

79
Q

dx of carpine arthritis encephalitis

A

AGID-using OPP virus as ag

ELISA

PCR for milk, blood and tissues

most goats become seropositive 4-16 weeks after inf

80
Q

tx and px of caprine arthritis encephalitis

A

tx: none
px: variable, stress appears to affect the development of clinical dz

81
Q

Prevention and control of carpine arthritis encephalitis

A

prevent of milk transmission

isolation from seropositive goats

serologic monitoring

remove kid at birth and feed heat pasteurized colostrum/milk

serologic testing of kids, remove positives

breed to CAEV negative bucks

82
Q

camelid respiratory dz

A

little known about camelid respiratory dz

normal flora not reported

pneumonia is often a presumptive dx

very good at hiding clinical sxs

83
Q

The snots

A

upper respiratory tract dz of camelids

nasal d/c for 3-7 d-most resolve without complications

both sexes all age groups

viral cause suspected

84
Q

alpaca fever

A

Associated wtih Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus

acute, subacute, or chronic forms

subacute: high fever and anoxeria

systemic inf:involves lungs or serosal surfaces, thoracic/abdominal cavities

death may occur in 4-8 days of the onset

cardiopulmonary test 2 (3 decks)

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