Diseases of nasal cavity

Question 1

What potential infectious agents cause infectious rhinitis - feline upper respiratory disease complex?

Answer 1

• *feline herpes virus, feline calicivirus

- chlamydophilia felis, mycoplasma spp, coronavirus, bordatella spp.

Question 2

What are the distinguishable clinical signs of herpes virus?

Answer 2

ulcerative keratitis, punctate or dendritic ulcers

Question 3

What are the distinguishable clinical signs of calicivirus?

Answer 3

ulcers on nose, tongue, hard palate, pneumonia, lameness.

Question 4

What are the distinguishable clinical signs of chlamydophila felis?

Answer 4

conjunctivitis w/ chemosis

Question 5

When do carriers of infectious rhinitis agents shed the virus?

Answer 5

herpes virus = during times of stress

Calicivirus and chlamydophila spp. shed with or without stress.

Question 6

How is feline herpes virus - rhinotracheitis spread?

Answer 6

direct contact w/ fomites

Question 7

how is feline herpes virus - rhinotracheitis shed?

Answer 7

ocular, nasal, pharyngeal secretions

Question 8

What kind of nasal disease is caused by feline herpes virus - rhinotracheitis?

Answer 8

serous then mucopurulent due to 2ndary bacT infection. establishes lifelong latency

Question 9

How is feline herpes virus - rhinotracheitis diagnosed?

Answer 9

clinical signs, viral isolation, PCR

Question 10

What happens if feline herpes virus - rhinotracheitis becomes chronic?

Answer 10

1. feline chronic rhinosinusitis
   - short nose bleeds
   - Turbinate dmg predisposes to 2ndary bacT infections of nasal cavity
2. chronic conjunctivitis
3. fibrosis of lacrimal ducts - epiphora

Question 11

How is feline herpes virus - rhinotracheitis treated?

Answer 11

• topical antivirals
• oral antivirals
• supportive care

Question 12

What does the vaccine for feline herpes virus - rhinotracheitis do? What are the forms?

Answer 12

• does not prevent infection but DOES reduce severity

- parental or intra-nasal

Question 13

What are some important characteristics of Feline Calicivirus?

Answer 13

• high mutation rate
• many isolates (various pathogenic and antigenic types)
• direct transmission or via fomites
• short incubation period (2-4 days)

Question 14

What are the clinical signs of Feline Calicivirus?

Answer 14

• typical signs of feline viral rhinotracheitis

- oral and nare ulcers are common

Question 15

How is FCV different to FHV?

Answer 15

• pneumonia more common with FCV
• FCV can result in gastrointestinal signs
• FCV can cause lameness

Question 16

What two syndromes are associated with Feline Calicivirus?

Answer 16

1. Limping kitten syndrome (lameness, ulcers on paws, sore joints, polyarthritis)
2. Virulent hemorrhagic systemic syndrome (outbreak in cats even well vaccinated, upper resp. signs preceded systemic signs.. edema, hepatitis, diarrhea, pustular dermatitis, hemorrhagic cystitis found)

Question 17

How is Feline Calicivirus treated?

Answer 17

• largely supportive (antibiotics, nursing care/rehydration)

- Interferon may be effective

Question 18

What are the results of long term Feline Calicivirus infection?

Answer 18

• chronic rhinitis/sinusitis/conjunctivitis

- carrier state

Question 19

What is Chlamydophila felis?

Answer 19

intracellular bacteria

- clinical signs similar to FHV and FCV = conjunctivitis and chemosis are hallmark signs

Question 20

How is Chlamydophila felis diagnosed?

Answer 20

PCR, Cytology

Question 21

How is Chlamydophila felis treated?

Answer 21

• • topical tetracyclines or erythromycin
• systemic signs require oral doxycycline and azithromycin
• vaccination not a core vx + more reactive than other antigens

Question 22

What is the treatment overview for a patient with cat flu?

Answer 22

1 outpatient treatment if possible

2. keep warm and hydrated
3. remove crusts
4. humidify air
5. topical decongestants for 1 to 2 days (phenylephrine preferred)
6. systemic antibiotics
7. topical ophthalmic solutions
8. interferon
9. oral antiviral?
10. lysine?
11. anti-inflammatories

Question 23

What is Bacterial rhinitis?

Answer 23

• very rarely a primary disease
• mucopurulent to purulent nasal discharge
• usually secondary to underlying disease process

Question 24

What is the major fungal rhinitis agent in dogs?

Answer 24

Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 25

What is the major fungal rhinitis agent in cats and dogs?

Answer 25

• cyrptococcus neoformans var neoformans

- C. neoformans var gattii

Question 26

What are the signs of Nasal aspergillus in dogs?

Answer 26

• sneezing, uni/bi nasal discharge
• Nasal ulceration and depigmentation
• facial distortion +/-
• Nasal airflow usually okay: turbinate destruction
• most cases systemically okay

Question 27

How is Nasal aspergillus of dogs diagnosed?

Answer 27

imaging: do before rhinoscopy or nasal flush
- radiographs
- CT or MRI
Rhinoscopy: white plaques
Tissue biopsy or cytology: hypae
C/S: best done from plaque, not discharge

Question 28

What is the treatment for nasal aspergillosis?

Answer 28

• debridement
• infuse 1% clotrimazole or 2% eniloconazole into nasal cavity for 1 hr. Risks: aspiration pneumonia, neurological signs, damgd cribiform plate is contraindication to this procedure
• systemic antifungal medication (itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole