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Respiratory > Diseases of Horse, Pig and Sheep > Flashcards

Diseases of Horse, Pig and Sheep Flashcards

1
Q

What pathogen causes Strangles?

A

Streptococcus equi equi

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2
Q

How is Strep equi equi transmitted?

A

Direct contact - nasal secretions, LN discharges (fomites survive in environment for 1-3 days)

Asymptomatic chronic carriers - gutteral pouch for up to 56 months, shed intermittently

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3
Q

How long after the disease will a horse shed Strep equi equi?

A

3-6 weeks

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4
Q

What are the classic clinical presentations of a horse with Strep equi equi?

A

Fever - Depression - Inappetence - Cough - Nasal discharge (mucoid to purulent) - Abscessation of mandibular mandibular, parotid or retropharyngeal LNs

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of a horse with chronic Atypical Strangles?

A

Mild inflammation of URT - Slight nasal discharge - Cough and fever - Self limiting lymphadenopathy

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6
Q

What complications are there from a Strangles infection?

A

Internal abscessation - Purpura hemorrhagica - Anaemia - Gutteral pouch empeyema and chondroids

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7
Q

What clinical signs would be produced from complications of Strangles?

A

Internal abscessation - intermittent colic, anorexia, depression, weight loss

Purpura hemorrhagica - vasculitis, thrombosis of smaller arteries can occur = skin and muscle necrosis, ventral oedema

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8
Q

What diagnostic tests can be done for Strep equi equi?

A

Biochemistry and bloods (leucocytosis & hyperfibrinogenaemia) - Nasopharyngeal swab - GP lavage (more sensitive than swabs)

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9
Q

How would you manage an outbreak of Strangles on a yard?

A

Isolate premises - Isolate horses with signs over 4 weeks after signs have gone - Prevent spread on staff and equipment - Disinfect everything

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10
Q

What is Rhodococcus equi?

A

Gram positive, pleomorphic coccobacillus - Obligate aerobe

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11
Q

What two forms of Rhodococcus disease are there?

A

Respiratory form - Intestinal form

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of respiratory Rhodococcus disease?

A

Inhalation of overwhelming number - Bacteria scavenged by alveolar macrophages - Destruction of macrophages leads to pyogranulomatous response - Bonchopneumonia with widespread abscessation

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13
Q

What two antibiotic combinations can be used against R. equi?

A

Erythromycin and Rifampin - Clarithromycin/azthromycin and Rifampin

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14
Q

How can R. equi be diagnosed early?

A

Twice weekly TPRs - Monthly CBC and fibrinogen - WCC - Radiography/ultrasonography for valuable foals

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15
Q

What is a parasitic infection in horses called?

A

Parascaris Equorum

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16
Q

What causes equine Rhinovirus? Why is this controversial?

A

Picornavirus - Can be isolated from asymptomatic and those with signs

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17
Q

What are strange about the clinical signs of EVA compared to other respiratory pathogens?

A

Causes widespread haemorrhages not just in respiratory - Eg ‘pink eye’

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18
Q

What does EVA stand for?

A

Equine Viral Arteritis

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19
Q

How is EVA transmitted?

A

Venereal infection of mares by stallions - Direct contact via droplets`

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20
Q

What within the nasal passages helps with respiratory protection?

A

Turbinate bones - Create turbulence altering the speed of the air and filtering the air

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21
Q

What is the major factor contributing to respiratory disease in pigs?

A

Stocking density

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22
Q

In an all-in-all-out pig system, why should you make sure that the smaller pigs aren’t held back?

A

Most likely to harbour disease

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23
Q

What is the commonest time for respiratory disease in pigs?

A

Weaners, growers and finishers (post-weaning)

24
Q

What is the commonest disease in adult pigs?

A

Influenza

25
Q

What pathogen is present in the majority of pigs at slaughter?

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

26
Q

What are the signs of M hyopneumonia in a herd of pigs?

A

Low grade chronic cough (esp when getting up) - Reduced food conversion efficiency (FCE) - Variance in growth - Susceptible to secondary infection

27
Q

How do mycoplasma cause initial respiratory damage?

A

Cause clumping of cilia so reduced mucocilary escalator

28
Q

What is APP? What does it cause?

A

Actinobacilus pleuropneumoniae - Explosive outbreaks of respiratory disease in pigs (lesions in caudal lobe)

29
Q

What is the most common cause in Atrophic rhinitis in pigs?

A

Pasteurella multocida in association with Bordetella bronchiseptica

30
Q

How do the pathogens involved cause Atrophic rhinitis in pigs?

A

B. bronchiseptica produces cytotoxin in nasal mucosa

P. multocida damages osteoblasts and enhances osteoclast activity (erodes turbinate bones) = twisting of snout

31
Q

What would you find PM in a pig with Glassers disease?

A

Yellow fibrin deposited in abdomen

32
Q

What viruses cause respiratory disease in pigs?

A

Aujeszky’s disease (SHV-1) - Swine influenza virus (SIV) - Porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) - Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) - PCV-2

33
Q

How does PRRS cause vasculitis?

A

Virus replicates and destroys macrophages and endothelial cells

34
Q

What kind of virus is PRRS? What implications does this have?

A

Single stranded RNA virus - mutates very quickly so hard to create effective lasting vaccine

35
Q

What is PCV-2? Why is it important in UK?

A

Porcine Circovirus-2 - 90% pigs are seropositive - causes respiratory signs

36
Q

What is PRCV? What does it cause and in what age?

A

Porcine respiratory coronavirus - Coughing in growers and finishers (endemic)

37
Q

What acute respiratory disease pathogens cause fever in sheep? What doesn’t?

A

Acute bacterial, viral pneumonias, aspiration pneumonia - Parasitic pneumonia

38
Q

What ‘slow viruses’ cause chronic respiratory disease in sheep?

A

Maedi-Visna - Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis

39
Q

What is the most common respiratory problem in sheep? What causes it?

A

Sheep pneumonia - Multi-factorial aetiology

40
Q

What is the most common A) bacterial B) viral pathogens that cause ovine pneumonia?

A

A) Mannheimia haemolytica

B) Parainfluenza 3 (PI3) - Adenoviruses

41
Q

What is similar about agents that are involved in ovine pneumonia?

A

Normal inhabitants of ovine respiratory tract - Need predisposing factors to cause disease

42
Q

Why are younger sheep more susceptible to pneumonia?

A

More stressed - More naive to pathogens

43
Q

What is the disease process of enzootic pneumonia in sheep?

A

Predisposing viral damage by PI3 - Then colonisation with M. haemolytica

44
Q

What are the clinical signs of zoonotic pneumonia in sheep?

A

Maybe sudden death - Fever (>40.3ish) - Depressed - Dyspnoea - Coughing - Nasal discharge - Poor thrift

45
Q

What is an important diagnostic tool in ovine enzootic pneumonia?

A

Post mortem examination

46
Q

How do you treat in the face of an outbreak of enzootic pneumonia in sheep?

A

Prophylactic long acting oxytet and vaccine - Treat individual animals with oxytet or tilomycosin

47
Q

Give the common vaccination protocol for ovine enzootic pneumonia

A

EWE: sensitiser and booster -> 4-6 weeks later booster (4-6 weeks PRE lambing)

YOUNG LAMB: Vaccinate 3-5 weeks old (wait for MDA to finish) -> Booster 3-4 weeks later

48
Q

What is the most common sign of atypical pneumonia in sheep?

A

Reduced growth rates

49
Q

What pathogen causes atypical pneumonia in sheep?

A

Mycoplasma ovinpneumoniae

50
Q

What causes Maedi-Visna? Which animal does it affect?

A

Lenti virus - Adult sheep

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of Maedi-Visna?

A

Wasting - Mastitis - Emaciation - Development of severe respiratory disease

52
Q

How do you treat Maedi-Visna?

A

No treatment - Need to cull affected animals, snatch lambs off seropositive ewes

53
Q

What does SPA stand for?

A

Sheep pulmonary Adenomatosis

54
Q

What causes SPA? How is it transmitted?

A

Herpesvirus and Retrovirus (slowly progressive lung adenocarcinoma) - Respiratory and vertically

55
Q

What are the clinical signs of SPA?

A

Progressive respiratory disease - Weight loss - Wheelbarrow test

Respiratory (7 decks)

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