Diseases in body logs Flashcards
Causes of dehydration
Hot weather
Sweating
Vomiting and diarrhoea
Burns
Effects of dehydration
Thirst and dryness
Plasma vol decrease
Oliguria - reduction in urine production
Oedema
Fluid retention, can cause kidney and heart failure
In brain causes convulsions, coma and death
Build up of body fluids, causing swelling of tissues
Cystic fibrosis
Airways - clogged by thick mucus, damaging lungs
Liver - bile duct blocked, disrupting digestion
Pancreas - proenzyme not released
Small intestine - thick, non-motile stools
Reproductive tracts - no vas deferent, cervix occasionally blocked by mucous
Acute bronchitis
Cough, mucus production and breathlessness for more than 3 months
Inflammation = narrowing of airways, mucus in lung passages - both reduce lung function and cause breathlessness
Chronic bronchitis
Cough and mucus production with 2 episodes of cough lasting 3 months in 2 year period
Inflammation = narrowing of airways, mucus in lung passages - both reduce lung function and cause breathlessness
Irreparable damage to bronchioles and alveoli
Emphysema
Shortness of breath
Permanent widening of airspace’s in terminal bronchiole without loss of air sacs - alveoli fuse and enlarge
Loss of elastic recoil
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Asthma
Wheeze, shortness of breath, tight chest, cough
Variable expiratory air flow
Bronchospasm - smooth muscle in bronchi contracts, narrows airways, also obstructed by mucus
What can trigger asthma?
Cold, exercise, allergens, stress
Scurvy
Vit C needed for intracellular production of pro collagen - w/o it collagen formation is disrupted
Poor wound healing, impaired bone formation, gum disease, bruising and bleeding
Marfan’s syndrome
Fibrillin 1 gene affected - forms elastin
Abnormal elastic tissue
Abnormally tall, arachnodactylyl, freq joint dislocation, risk of aortic rupture, polydactylyl
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Brittle bone disease Bones, tendons and ligaments don't form properly as collagen fibres mutated Don't knit together or not enough produced - Weakened bones that commonly fracture - Short stature - Blue sclera - Hearing loss - Hyper mobility and flat/arched feet - Poor teeth development
Parotitis
Swelling of parotid glands
Ectopic pregnancy
Implantation isn’t in uterus, instead in fallopian tube
Can be ovarian or peritoneal - comes out of Fallopian tube
V quickly becomes life threatening emergency
Placenta praevia
Implantation in lower uterine segment
Can cause haemorrhage in pregnancy
Requires C-section delivery as placenta grows across cervix
Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune disease where antibodies block Ach receptor
Endplate invaginations in synaptic clefts reduced, reducing synaptic transmission
Intermittent muscle weakness - ptosis, drooping eyelid
Compartment syndrome
Trauma in one compartment of muscle causes internal bleeding, pressure on blood vessels and nerves Deep and non-localised pain Paresthesia - pins and needles Swollen, shiny skin, bruising Tense and firm compartment
Duchene muscular dystrophy
Absence of chemical due to mutation in dystrophin gene
Ca2+ enters muscle cell and taken up by mitochondria with water, burst = muscle cells burst
Muscle cells replaced by adipose tissue
How does Duchene muscular dystrophy present
Shoulders and arms back Sway back Poor balance Walk on toes Knees bend Belly sticks out
Botulism
Clostridium botulinum blocks neurotransmitter release at motor end plate
All muscles relax - clinically treats muscle spasms and cosmetically treats wrinkles
Organophosphate poisoning
Organophosphates inhibit AchE, Ach activity at neuromuscular junction increased
SLUDGE and MTWTF
SLUDGE symptoms
Salivation Lacrimation - crying Urination Defecation GI cramping Emesis - vomiting
MTWTF symptoms
Muscle cramps Tachycardia Weakness Twitching Fasciculations
Osteoarthritis
Typically age related degeneration
Mechanical failure of articular cartilage
Narrowing of joint space and bones rub together
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disease, macrophage try to digest bone = inflammation of synovial membrane and thickening of joint capsule
Damage to both underlying bone and articular cartilage - both disintegrate
Rickets
Mainly affects children
Vit D deficiency - poor Ca2+ mobilisation, inefficient mineralisation
Short bones and height, painful to walk
Characteristic bowed legs
Osteomalacia
Vit D deficiency in adults
Lower mineralisation, increased osteoids = weak trabecular bone
Increased Ca2+ resorption caused by kidney disease, sunlight protection, surgery and drugs eg. phenytoin prevents Vitamin D absorption = treatment for epilepsy
Primary Type 1 osteoporosis
In postmenopausal women due to increase in osteoclast number as loss of oestrogen after menopause
Primary Type 2 osteoporosis
In older people due to loss of osteoblast functions because of loss of oestrogen and androgen function
Secondary osteoporosis
Result of drug therapy and malnutrition, immobilisation, weightlessness
Metabolic bone diseases
Achondroplasia
Inherited mutation in FGF3 receptor gene
FGF promotes collagen formation from cartilage, won’t be able to work, even if binds due to mutation in receptor
Short stature but normal size head and torso - long bones can’t lengthen properly but flat bones are fine
Lymphadenopathy
Lymph nodes fight infection whilst germinal centres fill with lymphocytes - nodes swell and this causes pain
Lymphoma
Malignancy of lymphoid tissue presents with lymphadenopathy
Milroy’s disease
Congenital - onset w/i 2 years
Caused by mutated FLT4 gene, small or missing endothelial cells in vessel wall
Meige’s disease
Praecox, onset 2-35 years, unknown cause
Tarda
Onset after 35 years, cause unknown
Diseases of primary lymphoedema
Milroy’s
Meige’s
Tarda
Causes of secondary lymphoedema
Neoplasia Surgery Radiotherapy Autoimmune disease Infections
Eczema
Chronic skin condition making it red, dry, itchy and cracked
Can be on area of the body but usually in skin creases
Severe cases = inflammation, cracking and bleeding
Melanoma
Skin cancer that metastasises to other organs in the body
Common sign = new mole or change to existing mole
Vitiligo
Pale white patches develop on the skin caused by lack of pigment
Non-segmental vitiligo
Symptoms on both side of body and are symmetrical
Segmental vitiligo
White patches only affect one area of the body
Alopecia areata
Hair lost from some or all areas of body, mostly the scalp
Gillian Barré syndrome
Demyelination of axons
Bilateral symptoms affecting both sides of body
Numbness, muscle weakness, pins and needles, pain, problems with balance
Multiple sclerosis
Selective and patchy loss of myelin and axon destruction
Paralysis of both legs, fatigue, vision problems, muscle spasms, stiffness and weakness, tremor, pain, difficulty eating, swallowing, talking, incontinence
Hashimoto’s
Hypothyroidism - too little T3 or T4
Common in less economically developed countries - not enough iodine from food sources
TSH isn’t binding to receptors on thyroid so it can’t make enough T3 or T4
Autoimmune disease
Fatigue, get cold, hair loss, puffy and pale skin, weight gain, joint pain, muscle weakness
Grave’s
Hyperthyroidism - too much T3 or T4
Diarrhoea, heart palpitations, sweat, increased body temp, characteristic popping eyes
Autoimmune disease, immune system attacking thyroid causes it to become overactive
Multiple sclerosis
Caused by autoimmune degradation of myelin and results in fatigue, vision problems, slurred speech and mobility issues and more
Remitting and relapsing disease, but degenerative
Paraesthesia
Numbness and tingling sensations
