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Diseases covered > Diseases in body logs > Flashcards

Diseases in body logs Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of dehydration

A

Hot weather
Sweating
Vomiting and diarrhoea
Burns

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2
Q

Effects of dehydration

A

Thirst and dryness
Plasma vol decrease
Oliguria - reduction in urine production

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3
Q

Oedema

A

Fluid retention, can cause kidney and heart failure
In brain causes convulsions, coma and death
Build up of body fluids, causing swelling of tissues

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4
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Airways - clogged by thick mucus, damaging lungs
Liver - bile duct blocked, disrupting digestion
Pancreas - proenzyme not released
Small intestine - thick, non-motile stools
Reproductive tracts - no vas deferent, cervix occasionally blocked by mucous

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5
Q

Acute bronchitis

A

Cough, mucus production and breathlessness for more than 3 months
Inflammation = narrowing of airways, mucus in lung passages - both reduce lung function and cause breathlessness

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6
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Cough and mucus production with 2 episodes of cough lasting 3 months in 2 year period
Inflammation = narrowing of airways, mucus in lung passages - both reduce lung function and cause breathlessness
Irreparable damage to bronchioles and alveoli

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7
Q

Emphysema

A

Shortness of breath
Permanent widening of airspace’s in terminal bronchiole without loss of air sacs - alveoli fuse and enlarge
Loss of elastic recoil

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8
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - emphysema and chronic bronchitis

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9
Q

Asthma

A

Wheeze, shortness of breath, tight chest, cough
Variable expiratory air flow
Bronchospasm - smooth muscle in bronchi contracts, narrows airways, also obstructed by mucus

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10
Q

What can trigger asthma?

A

Cold, exercise, allergens, stress

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11
Q

Scurvy

A

Vit C needed for intracellular production of pro collagen - w/o it collagen formation is disrupted
Poor wound healing, impaired bone formation, gum disease, bruising and bleeding

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12
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

Fibrillin 1 gene affected - forms elastin
Abnormal elastic tissue
Abnormally tall, arachnodactylyl, freq joint dislocation, risk of aortic rupture, polydactylyl

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13
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A 
Brittle bone disease
Bones, tendons and ligaments don't form properly as collagen fibres mutated
Don't knit together or not enough produced
- Weakened bones that commonly fracture
- Short stature
- Blue sclera 
- Hearing loss
- Hyper mobility and flat/arched feet
- Poor teeth development
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14
Q

Parotitis

A

Swelling of parotid glands

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15
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Implantation isn’t in uterus, instead in fallopian tube
Can be ovarian or peritoneal - comes out of Fallopian tube
V quickly becomes life threatening emergency

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16
Q

Placenta praevia

A

Implantation in lower uterine segment
Can cause haemorrhage in pregnancy
Requires C-section delivery as placenta grows across cervix

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17
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune disease where antibodies block Ach receptor
Endplate invaginations in synaptic clefts reduced, reducing synaptic transmission
Intermittent muscle weakness - ptosis, drooping eyelid

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18
Q

Compartment syndrome

A 
Trauma in one compartment of muscle causes internal bleeding, pressure on blood vessels and nerves
Deep and non-localised pain
Paresthesia - pins and needles
Swollen, shiny skin, bruising
Tense and firm compartment
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19
Q

Duchene muscular dystrophy

A

Absence of chemical due to mutation in dystrophin gene
Ca2+ enters muscle cell and taken up by mitochondria with water, burst = muscle cells burst
Muscle cells replaced by adipose tissue

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20
Q

How does Duchene muscular dystrophy present

A 
Shoulders and arms back
Sway back
Poor balance
Walk on toes
Knees bend
Belly sticks out
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21
Q

Botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum blocks neurotransmitter release at motor end plate
All muscles relax - clinically treats muscle spasms and cosmetically treats wrinkles

22
Q

Organophosphate poisoning

A

Organophosphates inhibit AchE, Ach activity at neuromuscular junction increased
SLUDGE and MTWTF

23
Q

SLUDGE symptoms

A 
Salivation
Lacrimation - crying
Urination
Defecation
GI cramping
Emesis - vomiting
24
Q

MTWTF symptoms

A 
Muscle cramps
Tachycardia 
Weakness
Twitching
Fasciculations
25
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Typically age related degeneration
Mechanical failure of articular cartilage
Narrowing of joint space and bones rub together

26
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease, macrophage try to digest bone = inflammation of synovial membrane and thickening of joint capsule
Damage to both underlying bone and articular cartilage - both disintegrate

27
Q

Rickets

A

Mainly affects children
Vit D deficiency - poor Ca2+ mobilisation, inefficient mineralisation
Short bones and height, painful to walk
Characteristic bowed legs

28
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Vit D deficiency in adults
Lower mineralisation, increased osteoids = weak trabecular bone
Increased Ca2+ resorption caused by kidney disease, sunlight protection, surgery and drugs eg. phenytoin prevents Vitamin D absorption = treatment for epilepsy

29
Q

Primary Type 1 osteoporosis

A

In postmenopausal women due to increase in osteoclast number as loss of oestrogen after menopause

30
Q

Primary Type 2 osteoporosis

A

In older people due to loss of osteoblast functions because of loss of oestrogen and androgen function

31
Q

Secondary osteoporosis

A

Result of drug therapy and malnutrition, immobilisation, weightlessness
Metabolic bone diseases

32
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Inherited mutation in FGF3 receptor gene
FGF promotes collagen formation from cartilage, won’t be able to work, even if binds due to mutation in receptor
Short stature but normal size head and torso - long bones can’t lengthen properly but flat bones are fine

33
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Lymph nodes fight infection whilst germinal centres fill with lymphocytes - nodes swell and this causes pain

34
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignancy of lymphoid tissue presents with lymphadenopathy

35
Q

Milroy’s disease

A

Congenital - onset w/i 2 years

Caused by mutated FLT4 gene, small or missing endothelial cells in vessel wall

36
Q

Meige’s disease

A

Praecox, onset 2-35 years, unknown cause

37
Q

Tarda

A

Onset after 35 years, cause unknown

38
Q

Diseases of primary lymphoedema

A

Milroy’s
Meige’s
Tarda

39
Q

Causes of secondary lymphoedema

A 
Neoplasia 
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Autoimmune disease
Infections
40
Q

Eczema

A

Chronic skin condition making it red, dry, itchy and cracked
Can be on area of the body but usually in skin creases
Severe cases = inflammation, cracking and bleeding

41
Q

Melanoma

A

Skin cancer that metastasises to other organs in the body

Common sign = new mole or change to existing mole

42
Q

Vitiligo

A

Pale white patches develop on the skin caused by lack of pigment

43
Q

Non-segmental vitiligo

A

Symptoms on both side of body and are symmetrical

44
Q

Segmental vitiligo

A

White patches only affect one area of the body

45
Q

Alopecia areata

A

Hair lost from some or all areas of body, mostly the scalp

46
Q

Gillian Barré syndrome

A

Demyelination of axons
Bilateral symptoms affecting both sides of body
Numbness, muscle weakness, pins and needles, pain, problems with balance

47
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Selective and patchy loss of myelin and axon destruction
Paralysis of both legs, fatigue, vision problems, muscle spasms, stiffness and weakness, tremor, pain, difficulty eating, swallowing, talking, incontinence

48
Q

Hashimoto’s

A

Hypothyroidism - too little T3 or T4
Common in less economically developed countries - not enough iodine from food sources
TSH isn’t binding to receptors on thyroid so it can’t make enough T3 or T4
Autoimmune disease
Fatigue, get cold, hair loss, puffy and pale skin, weight gain, joint pain, muscle weakness

49
Q

Grave’s

A

Hyperthyroidism - too much T3 or T4
Diarrhoea, heart palpitations, sweat, increased body temp, characteristic popping eyes
Autoimmune disease, immune system attacking thyroid causes it to become overactive

50
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Caused by autoimmune degradation of myelin and results in fatigue, vision problems, slurred speech and mobility issues and more
Remitting and relapsing disease, but degenerative

51
Q

Paraesthesia

A

Numbness and tingling sensations

Diseases covered (3 decks)

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