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Production Animal Diseases > Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae > Flashcards

Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae Flashcards

Learn the causative parasite and vectors, clinical signs, treatment, Post mortem findings, control and some ID

1
Q

Common name for Bovine Anaplasmosis

A

Tick-borne gall-sickness

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2
Q

Parasite causing tick-borne gall-sickness (Bovine Anaplasmosis)

A

Anaplasma marginale

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3
Q

ID

A

Bloodsmear stained with Diff Quick:

Anaplasma marginale

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4
Q

Parasite causing Anaplasmosis in sheep and goats

A

Anaplasma ovis

  • much less severe than in cattle
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5
Q

Bovine Anaplasmosis (tick-borne gall-sickness) often overlaps with:

A

Areas of Bovine Babesiosis (B. bigemina / bovis)

  • African / Asiatic redwater
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6
Q

Tick vectors of A. marginale

A
  • R. decoloratus
  • R. microplus
  • R. evertsi evertsi
  • R. simus
  • R. bursa
  • Hyalomma spp.
  • I. ricinus
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7
Q

Mechanical transmission of A. marginale

A

Biting flies

  • Stable flies ( Stomoxys calcitrans )
  • Horse flies ( Tabanus spp. )
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8
Q

ID

A

Stomoxys calcitrans

(Stable fly)

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9
Q

ID

A

Tabanus spp.

(Horse fly)

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10
Q

Causes of iatrogenic transmission of A. marginale (Bovine Anaplasmosis / tick-borne gall-sickness)

A

Needles and instruments used; contaminated with fresh blood

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11
Q

T/F: Intra-uterine transmission of A. marginale (Bovine Anaplasmosis) can occur

A

True:

The calf will be a carrier of the parasite at birth.

In exceptional cases it may lead to abortion or mortality soon after birth

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12
Q

T/F: Anaplasmosis often show a strong seasonal incidence.

A

True:

Disease outbreaks occur more commonly during the warmer summer and autumn months which coincides with the increased abundance and activity of ticks and biting-flies

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13
Q

Incubation period of A. marginale

A

From 3 - 8 weeks

Average 4 - 6 weeks

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14
Q

T/F: Calves up to 9 months are less likely to develop severe clinical signs after being infected with A. marginale

A

True:

Calves up to 9 months have a non-specific, age related resistance to A. marginale and will therefore be less likely to develop severe clinical signs

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15
Q

T/F: Susceptibility to severe disease (Bovine Anaplasmosis) increases with age

A

True for cattle

There seems to be no age-related resistance in sheep and goats

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16
Q

General characteristics of Bovine Anaplasmosis

A
  • Variable fever
  • Progressive anaemia
  • Jaundice
  • Constipation
  • Drop in milk production (precedes above)
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17
Q

How long does the disease, Bovine Anaplasmosis, last?

A

Generally 2-4 weeks

(it may be longer)

Recovery is very slow: up to several months

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18
Q

Common post-mortem findings of a fatal Bovine Anaplasmosis case

A
  • Severe anaemia
  • Jaundice
  • Splenomegaly
  • Hepatomegaly
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19
Q

Describe the macroscopic appearance of the spleen found on PM of a fatal Bovine Anaplasmosis case

A
  • Splenomegaly
  • Meaty consistency
  • Inner part of the spleen is dark red
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20
Q

Describe the macroscopic appearance of the liver found on PM of a fatal Bovine Anaplasmosis case

A
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Cut-surface varies in colour: Orange-brown to mottled-yellow
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21
Q

Describe the macroscopic appearance of the gall bladder found on PM of a fatal Bovine Anaplasmosis case

A
  • Distended
  • Contains a sticky, thick, brown or yellowish-brown bile
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22
Q

Common GIT lesions found on PM of a fatal Bovine Anaplasmosis case

A
  • Severe gastro-intestinal stasis, esp. the fore stomachs and colon
    • Omasal content = dry and impacted
    • Colon = hard, dry and bile stained faecal balls
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23
Q

What would you expect the urine to look like on PM of a fatal Bovine Anaplasmosis case?

A

Urine will be yellow to dark brown due to the presence of bile pigment

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24
Q

How will you diagnoses Bovine Anaplasmosis?

A

Characteristic clinical signs (anaemia, jaundice, constipation)

Microscopic demonstration of parasites in RBC’s on a blood smear from live/dead animal

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25
Q

How will you treat Bovine Anaplasmosis?

A

Tetracyclines

Imidocarb dipropionate - same dosage as preventative treatment for Bovine Babesiosis

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26
Q

When will you treat Bovine Anaplasmosis?

A

As early in the course of infection:

  • Before development of high parasitaemia
  • Before onset of severe anaemia
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27
Q

What will be the best therapeutic plan for cattle recovering from Bovine Anaplasmosis (A. marginale)?

A
  • Separate infected animals from the herd
  • Provide shelter
  • Provide easy access to palatable feed & water
  • Supportive therapy:
    • Mild laxatives
    • Rumen stimulants
    • Appetite stimulants
    • Liver support
    • Blood trandsfusion in severe cases
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28
Q

T/F: Cattle that recovered from Bovine Anaplasmosis will only retain immunity for that season.

A

False:

Recovered animals develop a life-long immunity BUT remaine carriers of the organisms thus becoming reservoirs of infection

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29
Q

T/F: Persistent carrier state of A. marginale (Bovine Anaplasmosis) is considered and advantage

A

True:

  1. It insures prolonged immunity in the animals
  2. It is a constant source of infection for ticks which will enhacen exposure of calves up to 9 months of age (non-specific, age-related resistance)
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30
Q

T/F: You can vaccinate calves against Bovine Anaplasmosis (A. marginale)

A

True:

You can vaccinate calves by effectively giving them a mild form of the disease during the period that they have a non-specific, age-related resistance (up to 9 months)

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31
Q

What is the Anaplasmosis vaccine?

A

Deep frozen blood from cattle infected with A. centrale (Closesly related to A. marginale but less likely to cause serious disease)

32
Q

T/F: Vaccinating with A. centrale prevents Bovine Anaplasmosis completely

A

False:

A single vaccination protects cattle against the severe clinical disease and death

33
Q

What are the best control measures in A. marginale (Bovine Anaplasma) endemic areas?

A

Judicious tick control &

Regular use of Anaplasmosis vaccine in calves

34
Q

Parastie causing Heartwater in cattle

A

Ehrlichia ruminantium

35
Q

The main vector of E. ruminantium in SA

A

Amblyomma hebraum

( South African bont tick)

36
Q

ID this vector of E. ruminantium (Heartwater)

A

Amblyomma hebraum

( South African bont tick)

37
Q

Incubation period of Heartwater (E. ruminantium) in cattle vs sheep and goats

A

Incubation period of Heartwater (E. ruminantium)

Cattle: 14 - 18 days

Sheep & Goats: 11- 13 days

38
Q

At what age do calves, lambs and kids have an age-related resistance to Heartwater (E. ruminantium)?

A

Calves: < 3 weeks

Lambs & Kids: < 1 week

39
Q

T/F: The age-related resistance calve, lambs and kids have against Heartwater (E. ruminantium) protects them completely from becoming infected

A

False:

It does not protect them from becoming infected, it protects them against the development of the clinical disease

40
Q

Common characteristics of Heartwater (E. ruminantium)

A
  • Fever of 40 degrees celcius that persists for 3 - 6 days
  • Severe, often bloody diarrhoea
  • Nervous signs
41
Q

List common nervous signs of cattle suffering from Heartwater (E. ruminantium)

A
  • Animals moves unsteadily in circles
  • High-stepping gait: more pronounced in front limbs
  • Collapse in convulsions
  • Lie on side with opisthotonus
  • Frequent bouts of leg-paddling or legs extended and stiff
  • Hypersensitivity to light and noise
42
Q

What is your most likely diagnosis?

A

Heartwater (E. ruminantium)

  • Pedalling due to oedema on the brain
43
Q

How can you test for hypersensitivity in a suspect Heartwater (E. ruminantium) case?

A

Slight tapping on the forehead will result in an exaggerated twitching of the eyelids

44
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Heartwater (E. ruminantium)

A

E. ruminantium invades the endothelial cells (lining the blood vessels) = increased permeability

Result = odoema & small haemorrhages into various tissues and body cavities

45
Q

Describe the most common PM findings of a fatal Heartwater (E. ruminantium) case

A

Severe accumulation of fluid in the pericardium andmthorax and sometimes a small amount of fluid in the abdominal cavity

46
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of the fluid you would expect to find on a Heartwater (E. ruminantium) PM

A

The fluid will be yellow ad clear (could also be cloudy) and may coaggulate on exposure to air

47
Q

ID: What is your most likely diagnosis?

A

Hydrothorax with a yellow, clear fluid

Heartwater (E. ruminantium)

48
Q

How will you diagnose Heartwater in a live animal?

A

Characteristic clincial signs

(Fever of 40<, bloody diarrhoea, nervous signs)

49
Q

How will you diagnose Heartwater (E. ruminantium) in a dead animal?

A

History - Characteristic clincial signs

PM lesions (Hydropericarium, Hydrothorax, Brain oedema)

Stained Brain smear (Diff Quick works) - Microscopic demonstration of parasites in the cells lining the small blood vessels

50
Q

ID

A

Microscopic demonstrasion of E. ruminantium in a stained brain smear

51
Q

How will you treat Heartwater (E. ruminantium)?

A

Short or long acting Tetracyclines

* Oxytetracycilne

* Doxycycline

52
Q

When will you treat for Heartwater (E. ruminantium)

A

At the earliest possible stage

53
Q

T/F: Cattle recovering from Heartwater (E. ruminantium) develop immunity against the infecting parasite strain

A

True:

Cattle recovering from Heartwater (E. ruminantium) develop and immunity agains the infecting strain BUT remain susceptible to other strains of the parasite

54
Q

How will you protect new animals against Heartwater (E. ruminantium) when they are introduced to a Heartwater endemic area?

A

Repeated routine Oxytetracycline injections:

Administered over a sufficient period this will protect the cattle from contracting Heartwater while allowing them to develop a natural immunity

55
Q

T/F: You can vaccinate cattle against Heartwater

A

True:

A deep frozen vaccine containing sheep blood infected with virulent parasites (E. ruminantium)

This will cause a predictable reaction allowing enough time to treat.

56
Q

The duration of immunity against Heartwater (E. ruminantium) depends on what?

A
  1. Host species
  2. Infectin parasite strain(s)
  3. Challenge parasite strain(s)
  4. Whether cattle are regularly exposed to infected ticks (A. hebraum) to maintain immunity
57
Q

What is the best control measure for Heartwater (E. ruminantium)?

A

Tick control:

Efficient dipping or spraying

Dip containig Cypermetrhin or Amitraz

58
Q

What is Q-fever?

A

An acute febrile disease in humans

59
Q

Name the parasite that causes Q-fever.

A

Coxiella burnettii

60
Q

What disease(s) does Coxiella burnettii cause in animals (production animals)?

A

Coxiella burnettii does not usually cause disease in animals

* very rarely *

  • Cattel: Late-term abortion
  • Sheep: Resorption / abortion (30%)
61
Q

T/F: Coxiella burnettii is ZOONOTIC

A

True:

It causes Q-fever in humans (acute febrile disease)

62
Q

How are domestic animals (cattle/sheep/goats) infected with Coxiella burnettii?

A
  1. When an infected tick feeds on them
  2. Direct contact between infected animals
63
Q

How are humans infected with Coxiella burnettii (Q-fever)?

A
  1. When infected ticks feed on them
  2. Drinking infected milk (not pasteurised)
  3. Inhalation of aerosol/dust from infected foetal material, urine or carcasses
64
Q

What is the incubation period of Coxiella burnettii (Q-fever) in humans?

A

Incubation period of Coxiella burnettii (Q-fever) is 14 - 26 days then a fever develops

65
Q

Common complaints of a person infected with Coxiella burnettii (Q-fever)

A
  1. High fever
  2. Shivering and shaking
  3. Joint pain
  4. Headache
  5. Poor response to ordinary pain-killers
66
Q

How do you diagnose Q-fever (Coxiella burnettii) in humans

A

Antibody test

67
Q

T/F: Coxiella burnettii (Q-fever) is highly resistant to disinfectants

A

True:

Coxiella burnettii (Q-fever) will be destroyed by 30 minute exposure to 70% alcohol or 0.05% hypochloride

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Production Animal Diseases (2 decks)

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