Diseases case 1

Question 1

Diarrhoea define

Answer 1

3/more liquid stools, passed within 24 hour period

Question 2

Persistant diarrhoea define

Answer 2

diarrhoea that lasts for 14 days or longer

Question 3

Diarrhoea caused by

Answer 3

bacteria
virus
parasite
from faecal matter
contaminated food or water
vit A/ Zn deficiency
rotavirus
measles

Question 4

Diarrhoea risk factors

Answer 4

underweight
poor hygiene/ sanitation
undernutrition
micronutrient deficiencies
poverty
limited education
temperature of foods

Question 5

Diarrhoea effects

Answer 5

child growth
dietary intake
nutrient absorption and intestinal function

Question 6

Diarrhoea prevention

Answer 6

nutrition: micronutrients- vit A, Zn, Cu, selenium
breast feeding
improved weaning 
use of safe water
handwashing
sanitation 
measles immunisation
vaccine (Rotovirus)

Question 7

Diarrhoea treatment

Answer 7

 ORS 
 Nutritional management
 Mixed diets 
 Timing of feeds 
 Lactose 
 Dietary fibre 
 Probiotics 
 Prebiotics
 Short-chain fatty acids 
 Micronutrient supplementation

Question 8

Worm infestations caused by

Answer 8

poor sanitation/ hygiene
hook worm
round worm

Question 9

Worm infestations effects

Answer 9

anaemia
poor absorption of nutrients
stunting
impaired cognitive development

Question 10

Worm infestations symptoms

Answer 10

 abdominal pain and discomfort
 anaemia (with hookworm)
 nausea
 fever
 blood in your stool
 loss of appetite
 skin rash
 itchy and pain around the anus
 trouble sleeping

Question 11

Worm infestations treatment

Answer 11

 Pre-school children: integrated programme (with vit A
supplementation and vaccination)
 Deworming Tx regime:
albendazole 400mg = ½ tablet: 12-24 months and
= 1 tablet: >24 months OR
mebendazole 500mg = 1 tablet: 12-24 and >24 months
 Deworming Tx : 1 or 2 times per year
 Children < 1 year should not be treated with deworming
medication

Question 12

Oral health/ dental caries causes

Answer 12

Early Childhood Caries:
 inappropriate use of a bottle whilst sleeping
 eating frequency > 3 meals and 2-3 snacks per day
 drinking sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) from a
bottle or feeding cup or sugary snacks
 acidic drinks
 early malnutrition
 vit D deficiency

Question 13

Vit A need for

Answer 13

 Bone growth
 Reproduction
 Embryogenesis
 Vision
 Cell differentiation
 Immunity

Question 14

Vit A deficiency effects/ symptoms

Answer 14

 Growth retardation
 Dysfunction (M&F)
 Teratogenesis (congenital
malformations)
 Night blindness
 Epithelial metaplasia
(reversible change in cells)
 Impaired immunity

Question 15

Vit A prevention

Answer 15

eat foods like:
liver
eggs
milk fat
cod liver oil
green leafy veg
yellow/ orange veg/ fruit

Question 16

Vit A affects eye how

Answer 16

corneal xerosis
softening of cornea
foamy patches on eye
permanent damage to eye

Question 17

Iron (Fe) deficiency prevention

Answer 17

eat foods like:
(heme iron):
meat, poultry, fish
liver
egg yolk
legumes?
(non-heme iron):
fruit/ veg
seeds and nuts
grains
green leafy veg

avoid non-heme:
phytates (bran, peas, nuts, pasta)
tannins (tea, coffee)
calcium (milk, cheese)

Question 18

Micronutrient malnutrition prevention

Answer 18

 Dietary diversity
 Micronutrient supplementation (eg: Vitamin A…)
 Food fortification

Question 19

Underweight growth chart used and z score significance

Answer 19

weight for age
below -2 underweight
below -3 severly underweight

Question 20

Wasting growth chart used and z score significance

Answer 20

weight for height
below -2 wasted
below -3 severly wasted

Question 21

Risk of overweight or obese growth chart used and z score significance

Answer 21

weight for height
above +2 overweight risk
above +3 obese risk
can’t look at weight for age chart

Question 22

Stunting growth chart used and z score significance

Answer 22

height for age
below -2 moderate stunting
below -3 severe stunting

Question 23

Underweight caused by

Answer 23

food shortages

disease outbreaks

Question 24

Stunting effects (leads to)

Answer 24

associated with:
▪ increased risk of mortality
▪ poor cognitive and motor development
▪ reduced performance in school
▪ in adults: lower earning capacity and a greater likelihood of obesity and chronic disease

Question 25

Stunting prevention

Answer 25

moms:
breastmilk
micronutrient supplementation
children:
Vit A and Fe
iodised salt

Question 26

Childhood obesity increases risk for what in adulthood

Answer 26

hypertension
heart disease
stroke
type 2 diabetes
certain types of cancer

Question 27

Marasmus symptoms

Answer 27

• < 2years of age
• Severely wasted (emaciated) and stunted
• Very low Weight-for-Age
• Diet low in protein/ calories
• Starvation (absolute deprivation)
• Severe growth retardation
• “old man” face, wrinkled appearance, sparse hair
• No oedema
• Alert but miserable
• Hungry
• Diarrhoea & Dehydration

Question 28

Kwashiorkor

Answer 28

• Moderate-to-low weight-for-age, wasting
• Protein deficiency
• Diet = ↑ starch, ↓ protein
• Oedema
• Mental changes
• Hair changes
• Dermatosis (skin lesions)
• Infection

Question 29

Iron (Fe) deficiency symptoms

Answer 29

pallor
fatigue
weakness etc

Question 30

Stunting causes

Answer 30

chronic insufficient protein/ energy intake
recurrent infections
micronutrient deficiencies (vit A, Fe, Zn)