Diseases Associated with Blood Loss or Hemostatic Dysfunction Flashcards
A 10 year old Quarter horse gelding presents with a history of acute blood loss secondary to a distal limb laceration approximately 12 hours ago. The owners have been trying to control the bleeding with bandages and wraps. On presentation, the heart rate is 60 bpm, respiratory rate 30 breaths per minute and the temperature 38 C. The mucous membranes are pale pink and the capillary refill time is 2 seconds. There are decreased gastrointestinal boryborygmi. The PCV is 19% and TP 5.9 g/dl and the peripheral lactate is 3 mmol/L. The blood loss from the limb is stabilized. What would be your recommended emergency treatment for reversing the sequalae of severe hemorrhagic shock?
2-4 ml/kg of 7.2 % sodium chloride IV, followed by 40-80 ml/kg of isotonic crystolloids IV
What peripheral signs of erythrocyte regeneration are characteristic of ruminant after hemorrhage?
Erythrocyte polychromasia
Basophilic stippling
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Occoasional Nucleated RBC (within 4 days of onset)
What samples are used for the major and minor crossmatch?
Major cross match : Donor cells with recipient serum
Minor cross match: Recipient cells with donor serum
If a ruminant blood donor is incompatible with the recipient serum, what is the typical finding from the crossmatch?
hemolysis
Cattle do not show agglutinins like the horse
What is the estimated blood loss for a 500 Kg Holstein cow that had the PCV drop from 36% to 12 %?
27 liters of estimated blood loss
Assuming that 8% of the body weight is the blood volume
How many liters of whole blood would you deliver to a 50 kg goat who was estimated to have lost 2 liters of blood? The goal is to sufficiently maintain life until the bone marrow responds.
400-800 ml
Estimated dose for replacing 20-40% of the losses.
If a severe transfusion reaction occurs, what is the recommended emergency treatment?
epinephrine 0.01-0.02 mg/kg
After an acute blood loss, when does the bone marrow normally begin to replace the lost cells?
5 days
What are the most common causes of hemoperitonmeum in the horse?
- Splenic trauma
- reproductive tract and assoicated vessels
- neoplasia
What breed(s) of horses from a recent retrospective study on hemoperitoneum were overrepresented?
Thoroughbreds and Arabians
What typical clinicopathologic abnormalities are identified in cases of hemoperitoneum?
anemia and hypoproteinemia
neutrophilia, lymphopenia
thrombocytopenia
hypocacleumia and azotemia
What is the typical PCV and TP of a hemorrhagic adbdominal effusion?
18% PCV
3.2 g/dl total protein
What are the three most common causes of GI hemorrhage (chronic blood loss) in ruminants?
- abomosal lymphoma in cattle
- parasitism
- abomasal ulceration
Which intestinal parasite of ruminants has been associated with significant hemorrahge shortly after anthlemtic treatment?
*Haemonchus contorus
How would serum ferritin be expected to change in a ruminant with an increased total iron-binding capacity and a reduction in marrow iron?
It will be reduced. Hypoferremia will be present.