Diseases and reproduction of swine Flashcards
Peri-Natal losses in piglets
Farrow - 3days
50% of losses in this time
Hypothermia
- no brown fat
- 30-35 degree optimal temp (environmental)
- farrow house (18-20 degrees) –> uterus (30-35 degrees)
- glucose is used to maintain BT as shivering uses glucose this causes positive feedback
Hypoglycaemia
- result of low glycogen stores in liver
- inability to suckle, usage of stores from shivering in cold
- apply milk or intraperitoneal glucose solution (4-6 hrs)
Splay leg
- multifactoral (nutritional, environmental, genetic, infectious)
- seen as dog sitting and inability to rise
- lack of suckling –> hypoglycaemia
- tie legs (5-8cm) and massage
Congenital tremor - myoclonia congenita
- genetic, circovirus-2, poisoning/toxins
- 2 Types
- -A - brain/SC lesion
- -B - No brain/SC lesion
- usually improves with age, however if severe can inhibit suckling
Peri-Natal losses in piglets
Farrow - 3days
50% of losses in this time
Hypothermia
- no brown fat
- 30-35 degree optimal temp (environmental)
- farrow house (18-20 degrees) –> uterus (30-35 degrees)
- glucose is used to maintain BT as shivering uses glucose this causes positive feedback
Hypoglycaemia
- result of low glycogen stores in liver
- inability to suckle, usage of stores from shivering in cold
- apply milk or intraperitoneal glucose solution (4-6 hrs)
Splay leg
- multifactoral (nutritional, environmental, genetic, infectious)
- seen as dog sitting and inability to rise
- lack of suckling –> hypoglycaemia
- tie legs (5-8cm) and massage
Congenital tremor - myoclonia congenita
- genetic, circovirus-2, poisoning/toxins
- 2 Types
- -A - brain/SC lesion
- -B - No brain/SC lesion
- usually improves with age, however if severe can inhibit suckling
Post-natal losses in piglets
Anaemia
- low Fe in sow milk and low stores in piglet
- Cs anaemia
- fe supplement
Thrombocytopaenic purpura (maternal isoeryhtrolysis)
- 7-10 days after colostrum intake –> clotting issues and purpura –> cyanosis and hburia
- give colostrum from surrogate
Greasy pig - exudative skin -staph hyicus -skin commensal --> fighting or tail docking - toxins --> liver + kidneys Cs: greasy dark exudative skin
Purulent dermatitis
- Staph/strep pyogenes
- small vesicles with pus
Hypotrichosis cystica suis
- large vesicles on the back and ears with coiled hairs inside
- usually self limiting –> severely affect sebaceous Glands removed
Pityriasis roseca
- high incidence in landrace breeds
- usually harmless skin rash
Nutritional -hypo Vit A: muscle development and hydrocephalus -hypo Vit E: Mulberry heart disease Hypoglycaemia Anaemia Mycotoxins
Infectious gastroenteritis
- e.coli, corona/rota, eimeria, strongyloides + ascaris
- Cs of GE
Infectious arthritis
- mycoplasma hyosynoviae
- Cs of arthritis
Nutritional, physical and chemical skin diseases
NUTRITIONAL
Fat deficiency
-scaly dermatitis
Sodium deficiency
-illthrift
Fe + Co deficiency
- anaemia (co - transport of Fe)
- pale skin + cyanosis
Zn deficiency
- cant absorb P from phytic acid in plants
- P binds Zn in gut to absorb
- parakeratosis
Vit E + Sel
-dermatitis
Vitamins
- B1: exudative dermatitis
- B2: resembles greasy pig
- B3: parakeratosis
- B5: dermatitis
- A: sebborrhic dermatitis
PHYSICAL photosensitivity -Photodynamic agents --> UV sensitivity -plants or fungi (phytomyces) -long drug use (oxytetracyclines or sulphonamides)
Sunburn
- behind ears
- offer cover/mud
Trauma –> (Auth)heamatoma
-higher incidence in mixed age, sex, breed
Pressure sores
- joint and teats highest incidence
- apppropriate bedding
Frost bite
-esp. teats
CHEMICAL
Contact dermatitis
-toxins, sprays, bedding, oil/fuel
-Oil (Naphtalenes) –> hypertrophy and keratinisation
Viral skin diseases
FMD (aphtovirus)
- vesicles –> teats, coronary band, mouth
- Rapid DDX required
- OIE + emergency vaccine
- Survailance and destruction zones
SVD (enterovirus)
- Only coronary bands not found on teats or in mouth
- sudden lameness
Vesicular exanthema (circovirus) -Similar to FMD + SVD but deeper infiltration + granulation
Vesicular stomatitis (vesiculovirus)
- spread by biting insects (heamatopinus suis)
- Found in mouth and on coronary bands
- far less infective than FMD (fewer pigs in herd affected)
Suispox
- poxvirus
- spread by biting insects (heamatopinus suis)
- vesicles with straw coloured contents on ventrum (where lice bite)
Papillomatosis
-Sexually transmitted + rare
Parvoviral dermatitis
-Vesicular disease –> snout + CB
Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
- PCV-2 or Pasturella multocida
- looks like CSF with purpural lesions on the body and ears
CSF + ASF
-purpura on ears and back
Bacterial skin diseases
Necrotic ear disease
- erysipelas + salmonella (unconfirmed)
- necrotic pinnae
- infection through wounds (biting)
Ulcerative spiroceatosis
- borellia suis
- ulcerative and purulent dermatitis
Malignant oedema
-clostridium septicum
-anaerobic (deep wounds) –> inoculation –> toxins –> oedema –> ischemia –> necrosis –>gangrene
-necrosis and skin sloughing –> black muscles
T: metronidazole + mycins
Greasy pig disease -staphylococcus hyicus -Toxins--> Kidneys + liver -greasy + flakey skin especially piglets and weanlings T: mycins, oxytetracycline
Diamond skin disease -erysipelathrix rhusiopathiae -2 froms - arthritic + cardiac CS: diamond black skin lesions T: penicillin + Vancomycin (aerobic gram +)
Mycotic, parasitic and neoplastic skin disorders
MYCOTIC Dermatophytosis (ringworm) -microsporum nanum -trychophytoon verucosum Most spread by rodents Cs: small red alopetic lesions (resembles ptyriasis rosesca) Dx: scrape T: fluconazole, limesulfer
PARASITIC Lice (pediculosis) -heamatopinus suis -sucking lice -blood loss and high burdens -spread mycoplasma + suispox -Dx: tape/scrape T:ivermectin
Mites -Sarcoptes scabei -burrowing mite -Cs: --acute - pruritis and head shaking --chronic: Waxy ears and thickened skin Dx: deep scrape T: ivermectin
Demodex - unimportant
Flies Biting flies -stomoxys (stable), similidae (black) -irritations and dermatitis -spread mycoplasma + pox
Myasis
- calliphora (blow)
- cochlimya (screw)
- flies lay engs in deep mounds –> larvae eat flesh
- can see larvae in wounds
Ticks
Unimportant in pigs
NEOPLASIA
melanoma
Hgh incidence in large white + saddleback
highly malignant proliferation of melanocytes
T:excision
GENETIC epitheliogenesis imperfecta -often seen on legs and flank -if severe = death -T: time (skin may grow), grafts
Pityriasis rosesca
- landrace
- Purpural lesions all over the body
Viral respiratory diseases
2 Categories
1 - lots of pigs infected but usually self-limiting (PRRS, PCV-2)
2 - high morbidity and high economic importance (Atrophic rhinitis)
PRRS (PRRS virus)
-sow - reproductive symptoms (abortion, mastitis, anoestrus)
-piglets and growers - respiratory
-destroys MO’s –> IS
-Cs: signs of pneumonia
-Chronicity = wasting + pneumonia
co-infections –> complications of pneumonia –> death
Swine flu (orthomyxovirus)
- H1N2 H1N2 H3N2
- 100% morbidity 1% mortality
- HIT
Aujesky’s (SHV-1)
respiratory signs in adults (replicates in URT)
develops to CNS issues in young
inclusion body rhinitis (cytalomegalovirus)
- rhinitis + brown occular discharge
- 3 wks of age highly susceptible
- IB in nasal biopsy
Reovirus
-Enteric, respiratory, reproductive
Porcine Respiratory and neurological syndrome (Henipavirus)
- fruit bats transmit
- barking dogs
- encephalitis
RRDS (PorcRespDisSyn)
- multi factorial
- -Infectious, environmental, genetic, husbandary
- inf: atrophic rhinitis, PRRS, flu
husbandry: density of herd, vaccination and hygiene
environment: ventilation, cleanliness
Bacterial + parasitic respiratory diseases
Enzootic pneumonia (mycoplasma hyopneumoniae) - usually harmless infection unless co-infection occurs
Atrophic rhinitis
- co infection of mycoplasma + one other agent
- destruction of turbinates through toxin disruption of osteoblasts in nose
- 2 forms
- -non-progressive: bordatella or ammonia
- -progressive: pasturella toxins (commensal)
necrotic rhinitis
-fuscobacterium necrophorum
-damage to roof of mouth, commensal of mouth invades nose –> purulent rhinitis
Cs: swelling of nose, purulent discharge
DDx: atrophic (shrunken nose), necrotic (swollen nose)
Pasturella multocida
-commensal of nose that can contribute to enzootic pneumonia, PRDS, atrophic rhinitis
Gässers diseases - heamatophilus parasuis)
- Attacks epithelium (is commensal) of lungs, joints and reproductive tract
- if sow infected mAb –> piglet unaffected
- if infected after clearance of mAb’s (3-6months) = severe disease
Tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium bovis, avium, paraTb
- Bovis - caseous lesions
- avium - granulomatous reaction
- Generalisation
- -early = milliary form
- -late = tubercule form
- Dx: acid fast (ZN stain)
Actinobacillosis
- A. pleuopneumonia
- commensals that produce toxins that damage the lungs
- PM:characteristic darkened and ulcerative lungs
staphylococcus suis
- High mortality in piglets
- usually a commensal
- can cause speticaemia and polyvalent organ failure (including pneumonia)
PARASITIC -metastrogylus elongatus -earthworm is IH -lung worm --> cough --> swallow --> GIT --> eggs Dx: floatation T: Albendazole
Non-infectious, Infectious and neoplastic diseases of the heart
NON-INFECTIOUS Mulberry heart disease -Vit E + Selenium deficiency -myocardial degeneration -Cs: pale, dyspnea, lameness seen in piglets PM: Nutmeg liver
CONGENITAL PDA Valve insufficiencies ToF Atrial + ventral septal defects PAA
INFECTIOUS Oedema disease -E.Coli -10 day piglets -toxin --> vascular contraction --> hypertension --> bleeding + oedema (GIT + CNS) Cs: oedema + bloody D
Actinobacillus Suis
-Suis –> endocarditis + polyarthritis
Viral encephalitis (Cardiovirus)
- Myocardial degeneration
- PM: yellow foci on heart
- encephalitis + repro failure
Erysipelas
- E. rhusio
- Acute: Diamond skin disease
- chronic = endocarditis + arthritis
CSF (pestivirus)
- transmitted contact, vertically or sexually
- Offspring born after transplacental –> carrier and shed continuously
- Lethal hemorrhagic disorder seen as cyanotic ears, erythema, purpura, bloody D+, abortion
ASF (asfavirus) -as CSF + ticks and insects -DDx: --CSF :cheese (necrotic) tonsils --ASF: Marbled LN's + splenomegaly T: Cull + OIE + servaile and destroy
BVDV + Boarder disease
-pestivirus similar to CSF
Diseases of Blood and Lymph
BACTERIAL ulcerative lymphangitis -streptococcus porcini -contact with abscess infect -replicate in tonsils --> LN's Cs: lymphangitis T: clindamycin, vancomycin, penicillin
Erythropozoonosis
- mycoplasma suis
-originally thought to be ricketsia now known to be mycoplasma
-spread but biting insect (H.suis, flies)
-causing heamolytic anaemia
-Dx: ZN stain (acid fast - seen inside rbcs)
T: macrolides, oxytetracycline, floroquins
Anthrax - bacillus anthracis
- spores ingested from the soil
- anthratoxins cause clotting issues –>DIC, internal bleeding, anaemia, jaundice
Salmonella
- S. cholera-suis, dublin
- septicaemic form of salmonella
- clotting issues (DIC), petichae, splenomegally (no lesions)
- DDx from CSF w/ no lesions on spleen
PARASITIC
- Babesia trautmanni (L), perroncitoi (S)
- transmitted by rhiphicephalus tick
- piroplasmids work by infecting rbcs, multiplying and causing heamolysis –> anaemia, Hburia and jaundice
- Dx: Giemsa Blood smear
- T: imidocarb
NEOPLASIA Lymphoma -uncontrolled division of lymphoid tissue such as that found in LN's -Cs: Enlarged LN's Dx: biopsy
Leukosis/leukaemia
-uncontrolled division of leukopeitetic tissue such as bone marrow
-increase in abnormal WBC’s
-
NUTRITIONAL
Fe, Cu, Co deficiency
-Cu + Co play role in transport and absorption of Fe
-lack of any can result in Fe deficiency anaemia
-10-14 days post partum (colostrum is low in Fe, piglets have stores)
-Dx: <8g Hb/100ml of blood = anaemia
-Physiological = 9-15g Hb/100ml
-T: IM Fe dextran
Non-infectious diseases of mouth, oesophagus and GIT
MOUTH Stomatitis -peridontal disease -poor tooth clipping --> trauma -glossitis, gingivitis
Cleft lip / Cleft palate
-dysphagia
OESOPHAGUS
obstruction
-anatomical: dysgenesis
-mechanical: stricture, diverticulum (T/F), rupture, neoplasia (intra,extramural)
-functional: MG, Megaoesophagus
-Cs: regurgitation (not V+), dysphagia, gagging
STOMACH
Gastric ulceration
-sows + growers
-dietary due to low protein and fibre + high fat
-finely ground feed
-stress and environmental temperature fluxuations
-if chronic: anaemia, melana, hematemesis
-may result in scarring and stricture of hiatus oesophagii
GIT ileus -anatomical: atresia anii, dysgenesis -mechanical: stricture, hernia (incarceration/strangulation), intussusception, obstruction (constipation, torsion) -functional: loss of peristalsis
Torsion
- occurs in sows + growers
- usually due to increased abdominal space post partum
- depending on degrees determines severity (>180 is dire)
- Cs: V+, obstipation/constipation, dehydration
herniation
- Direct: touching skin = adhesions
- indirect: covered by peritoneum or tunica vaginalis = no adhesions
- Umbilical: most common, usually congenital or can be due to high abdominal pressure (cough, D+, farrowing)
- Inguinal: mostly male due to failure of inguinal ring closure after descension of testes
Constipation
- dry feed or dehydration
- dried bolus of digesta stuck in the GIT
Viral diseases of GIT
CORONAVIRUS Viral gastroenteritis/transmissible gastroenteritis -Mostly sows -villous atrophy --> malabsorptive D+ -PM: villi atrophy
Enzootic viral D+
-similar to VGE/TGE however less common as herds build immunity quickly and it is passed to offspring
V+ and wasting disease
Rare. clinical only in <4days old
V+ and D+ —> develop in CNS issues (encephalitis)
ADENOVIRUS 1-4
- 1+4 are most common
- Inclusion body enteritis
- IB’s found in PP’s
- D+, illthrift
PCV-2
Post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome
-common in piglets as passed to them via mother (feeding + bedding)
-Cs: wasting, D+, ulcers
ROTAVIRUS
- Usually of low clinical signifcance unless co-inf with E.Coli
- Yellow pasty D+
CSF/ASF
-button ulcers on GIT (CSF), Heamorrhagic D+ (ASF)
BVDV + Boarder disease
SEMDI
Teschen disease
Bacterial diseases of GIT
SPIROCHAETS Intestinal spirochaetosis (Brachyspira pirosicoli) -destruction of mucosa --> malabsorptive D+
Swine dysentery (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae) -destruction of LI mucosa --> malabsorptive D+
Hypertrophic enteropathy (Lawsonia intercellularis) -invades LI and causes hypertrophy of mucosa resulting in lowered absorption --> watery D+
SALMONELLOSIS
s. cholerasuis, typhimurium, typhisuis
-Typhimurium - enteritis
-cholerasuis - enteritis + septicaemia
-typhisuis - necrotising enteritis
-seen as profuse watery/bloody D+ as well as necrotising proctitis
Multiple Dx samples - intermittent shedding
E.COLI
- enterotoxaemic form (0175) - released toxins causing –> water into GIT –> yellow/green D+
- heamorrhagic form (OEDEMA DISEASE) - hypertension in GIT arterys –> odema –> necrosis –> melana
- VACCINATE
OTHERS
Clostridium perfringes C
-young at highest risk
-bloody D+
Campylobacter coli, jejuni
- commensal that takes hold in immunosuppressed piglets
- profuse watery D+
Yersinia pseuoTB, enterocolitica
-PTB: diffuse ulceration of GIT
-EC: Profuse D+
DDx: cross reacts with brucella
Parasitic + Neoplastic diseases of GIT
PARASITIC Giardia duodenalis -F-O -trophozoites attach to SI mucosa and damage -Malabsoptive D+ -Faust float -Metro
Eimeria pomoni
- 2cyst 4 zoites
- Villous atrophy caused by endogenous mesogony
- F-O
- Dx: float
- T:baycox (toltrazuril)
Isospora suis
- 2 cysts 4 zoites
- F-O
- Seen as GIT form but can also cause CNS signs in young
- float
- T:
Cyrptosporidium parvum -Water, food, opportunistic, zoonosis -auto-infection can occur (20%/80% - thin/thick shells) -Atrophy in LI --> watery D+ Dx: ZN acid fast stain T: nitazoxamide
Balantidium coli
- LI
- Grey D+
- T: sulphonamides
Strogyloides ransomii
-skin, transmammary, ingestion
-burrows into SI mucosa damaging it –> D+
Dx: float T:benzi
Hyostrongyulus rubidus
- burrows into STOMACH
- ingestion, transplacental and mammary
- hypobiosis until pregnant or lactating
- forms nodules –> malabsorption
Ascaris suum -Ingest --> hepatopulmonary migration -Worms + beetles acts as PH -PM: Milk spots on liver Cs: respiratory
Trichuris suis
- whipworm –> ingest egg
- burrow into mucosa of LI
- Bloody D+
Oesophagostomum dentatum
-burrowing forms nodules
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
- acanthocephala
- cockroach IH
- Hemorrhagic D+ due to mucosa burrowing
- can cause peritonitis
NEOPLASTIC
Papilomabirus
-can cause papules in mouth or around anus
Hypertrophic lawsoniosis
- lawsoni intercellularis
- replaces muscosa with adenomatous tissue
- crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy
Diseases of the Liver, Spleen & pancreas
Anthrax - Bacillus anthracis
- spores ingested
- releases toxin that attacks muscles or heart and skeletal muscles, blood vessels and liver
- resulting in hemorrhage and oedema of liver
- Chronic form (acute is Ru)
- Cs: haemorrhagic disathesis
- Dx: no rigor mortis, blackberry jam spleen, no clotting
- T: tetracyclines
Ecchinococcosis
- E. granulosus or multilocularis
- Granulosus - hydatid cyst
- multilocularis - buds
- affinity for liver + lungs
- cyst formation destroys parenchyma
- Dx: floatation
- T: Albenadzole
Cysticercosis
- cysticercus cellulose
- forms cysts in liver and spleen
Ascaris suum
- Hepatopulm migration
- milk spots on liver
- heavy infection can block the bile duct
Fatty liver
- high fat diet
- lipid deposits in the liver as fat is too high in diet
- T: dietary changes + Vit A
Hepatosis dietica
- Vit E + Selenium deficiency
- excess Vit A
- free radical formation –> necrosis of parenchyma
- Cs: Jaundice, ascites, cardiomegaly
- Dx: AST, ALT, GGT, Glu Dehydro
- T: supplement
Yersinia pseudoTb
-Diffuse abscessation on liver + spleen
NEOPLASIA
cholangiosarcoma
hemangiosarcoma
Diseases of urinary system
PCPC - Porcine cystitis-pyelonephritis complex (PCPC)
- actinobacillus suis, e.coli
- ascending uti
- pig has wide ureter and alkaline urine (good conditions for bacterial growth)
- red-brown urine
- Cs: heamaturia, stranguria, casts, urine pH (7-8),
- Dx: culture of bacteria in urine, USG
Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)
- PCV + PRRS indicated
- Ag-Ab complexes deposited causing damage
- seen as strang/oliguria, haematuria, petichiae or cyanosis of ears
Glomerulonephritis
- Drugs, infection (CSF, PDNS)
- Ag-Ab
- damage to glomerulus –> decreased GFR
- Cs: oedema, polyuria, oliguria
- Dx: hypoproteinaemia, proteinuria, creatinine, BUN
- T: Fluid therpy
Interstitial nephritis
- Usually leptospirosis
- lepto Ag’s accumulate on kidneys
- white spotted kidney
Embolic nephritis
- Septic (bacterial) emboli (actinobacillus, erysipelas)
- Microabscesses
- blocks blood flow to kidneys –> ischemia
- necrosis occurs due to lack of blood
ischemic tubular necrosis
- usually associated with prolonged hypotension/shock
- types of shock: hypovolemic, septic/endotoxic, cardiogenic
nephrotoxic tubular necrosis
- Nephrotoxic substances act on the tubule of the kidney
- Mycotoxins - aflatoxin (aspergillus)
- Drugs - sulphonamides
- heavy metals - lead, arsenic
- Toxins/chemicals
Hydronephrosis
- dilation of renal pelvis due to obstruction of urine outflow
- dilation compresses parenchyma –> atrophy
Urolithiasis
- stones formed in the ureters/urethra
- Ca:P balance
- acidity of urine
- stranguria/oliguria, haematuria
- results in hydronephrosis if complete obstruction
Stephanurus dentatus
- kidney worm
- SI –> LN –> peritoneal cavity –> liver –> kidney
- encysts in the kidney and sheds –> spreading in urine
- Cs: stranguria, haematuria
- Dx: urinalysis
- T: benzimidazoles
NEOPLASIA
Nephroma/nephrosarcoma
Disorders of Ca and P metabolism
CALCIUM
- Increased by: PTH (release from bone and kidney retention) + Vit D3 (increases absorption from GIT)
- decreased by Calcitonin (increased bone absorption and down regulates Ca retention)
PHOSPORUS
- In relationship with Ca especially in bone
1. 6:1 - Ca:P
Rickets
- Seen in juvaniles due to low Ca or Vit D
- leads to bowing of bones and depletion in the quantity of bone present
- may lead to fail of growth plate fusion
Osteomalacia (downer sow)
- decrease is quality of bone even though there is a regular amount. Lack of mineral portion.
- Seen in adult with chronic low Ca, P or Vit D3
- increased demand - lactation/gestation
- increased elimination from bone - HyperPTH
- decreased absorption - hypovitaminosis D
- Cs: generalise pain, lameness
- Dx: serum Ca + P
Osteoporosis
- Decrease in the quantity of bone causing larger holes in trebeculae
- Cs: Non-painful, lameness
- Dx: Serum Ca + P maybe normal
Osteofibrosa dystrophia -Severe calcium deficiency - Ca:P 1:2 -Mineralised bone is replaced with fibrous tissue due to chronic low levels of calcium -
Perpurial tetany/eclampsia
- Increased excitability of neurons to sodium = tetany
- caused by low Ca or Mg (Mg is calming)
- often occurs in sows 7 days before or after farrowing due to large demand for calcium in gestation and lactation respectively.
- Dx: dyspnea, recumbency, hyper-reflexive limbs
Nutritional tetany
- Deficiency in dietary Ca, Vit D3, P, Mg or too much Fe
- As above but due to decreased absorption maybe due to kidney issues, lack of vit d, enteritis, or pure lack of intake in diet.
Post-partum Hburia
Enzootic calcinosis
Trace element disorders
Fe
- Def: diet, absorption, transport (Cu transports Fe)
- -Hb synthesis impairment
- Ex: Iatrogenic supplement
- -Oxidative damage to cells –> Trembling/bruxism
Cu
- Def: Diet, Molybdenium toxicity (binds Cu)
- -Neurotransmitter synthesis –> enzootic ataxia
- Ex: over ingestion
- -Accumulates in liver –> oxidative damage –> haemolysis
- -Signs of liver damage and haemolytic anaemia
Co
- Def: dietary
- -use to form Vit B12 –> folate metabolism –> RBC maturation –> macrocytic anaemia
- -Use to binds FA’s –> Fatty liver
- Ex: Energy production
- -anorexia, alopecia
I
- Def: Legume diet (goitrogen)
- -essential for thyroid hormone –> cant control metabolism –> goitre
- -Reproductive failure + peri-natal mortality of piglets
- Ex: rare
- -suppresses thyroid gland –> impaired growth + reproductive failure
Mo
- Def: Sulfur and copper toxicity (binds Mo)
- -Damages liver –> jaundice
- Ex: low sulfur or copper diet (cant bind Mo)
- -illthrift
Mg
- Def: excess Ca + P (inhibits absorption of Mg)
- -Reproductive failure and ricketts
-Ex: Disrupts Fe absorption –> anaemia
Zn
- Def: Concentrate feeds often lack Zn
- -Paraketosis, alopecia + swollen joints
- Ex:Ingestion
- -zn forms salts in liver and kidney –> haemolysis
Sel
-Def: Low dietary intake or excess sulfur (Sel replaces in AA’s)
–Muscle degeneration –> calcification of muscle (White muscle disease - especially in the myocardium)
Dx: CK + AST (muscle enzymes)
- Ex: WMD therapy iatrogenic cause
- -Selenium replaces Sulfur in AA’s –> impaired cell function
- -Acute: Neurons –> blindness and ataxia (blind staggers)
- -Chronic –> (keratinocytes most affected) –> loss of hair and claws
- -T: Give sulfur
Dx: Serum blood levels
T: supplementation/elimination/chealating agent (EDTA)
Disorders of vitamin metabolism
WATER SOLUBLE
B
-1: Cerebro-coritcal dysgenesis
-2: Skin and eye eruptions and lesions and reduced fertility + abortion
-3:Crabohydrate metabolism –> fat used instead –> hepatosis dietica
-5: Locomotory issues + goose stepping
-6: AA metabolsim –> CNS issues + death
-7: Skin and hooves –> petachiae, cracked hooves
-9: Poor reproductive performance + Anaemia (related to B12)
-12: RBC maturation and utilisation of folate in RBC’s (non-regen anaemia)
-Choline: used in lipid transport and ACh –> CNS issues
C (ascorbic acid)
- Anti-oxidant
- Hypo: Bone resorption in pigs, weakness fatigue, dyspnoea, bone pain, haemorrhages of the skin, musculature, adipose tissue and organs, lowered fertility.
LIPID SOLUBLE
D
-Hypo: lack of ca –> oseteomalacia, porosis, rickets, tetany (eclampsia)
-Hyer: calcinosis
E
- Hypo: works with selenium (anti oxidant) –> MHD/WMD
- Hyper: Rare, muscle wasting
A (Retinol)
- Hypo: Degeneration of retinal tissue and pigment in eyes. Blindenss or piglets born with no eyes. Bone growth plate differentiation –> delayed closure and soft bones
- Hyper: premature closure of GP’s –> stunting
K
- Hypo: lack of clotting –> haemorrhagic diathesis
- Hyper: Hypercoagulation –> DIC + embolism
