Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

How do bacteria cause disease symptoms?

A

Usually produce toxins

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2
Q

How do fungi cause disease symptoms?

A

Secrete digestive enzymes that digest living cells, allowing the fungus to spread through tissue

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3
Q

How do protoctista cause disease symptoms?

A

Often by consuming cell material of host

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4
Q

How do viruses cause disease symptoms?

A

Insert genetic material into host’s DNA, taking control of cell metabolism

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5
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by a pathogen, which can be transmitted to another organism

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6
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing organism

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7
Q

What is potato blight?

A

A disease caused by a protoctist, where hyphae penetrate cells, destroying leaves, tubers and fruit

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8
Q

What is ring rot?

A

A disease caused by a bacterium, where vascular tissue in leaves and tubers is destroyed

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9
Q

What is TMV?

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus, a viral disease which causes mosaic patterns of discolouration on leaves, flowers and fruit

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10
Q

What is Black Sigatoka?

A

A fungal disease, where hyphae penetrate and digest cells in leaves, causing them to turn black in colour

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11
Q

What is Malaria?

A

A disease caused by the plasmodium protoctist, which infects erythrocytes and liver cells, causing fever and fatigue

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12
Q

What is TB?

A

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease which destroys lung tissue, resulting in coughing, fatigue and chest pain

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13
Q

What is HIV/AIDS

A

Human immunodeficiency disease infects t helper cells thereby inhibiting the immune system and leaving the body very vulnerable to other infections

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14
Q

What is athlete’s foot?

A

A fungal disease where skin on people’s feet is digested, causing cracking and itchiness

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15
Q

What is callose?

A

A polysaccharide that is deposited in plant cell walls, plasmodesmata and sieve plates to prevent pathogens being able to spread to other cells within a plant

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16
Q

What chemical defences do plants have to prevent disease?

A

Insect repellants (e.g. citronella), insecticides, antibacterials (glossypol), antifungals (saponins), anti-oomycetes, general toxins (cyanide compounds)

17
Q

Compare the structures of callose and cellulose

A

Both (largely) linear, both polysaccharides of ß-glucose, callose has 1,3 glycosidic bonds whereas cellulose has 1,4 glycosidic bonds, cellulose has cross links, callose is helical and has some branching

18
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cell-signalling molecules that attract phagocytes to sites of infection

19
Q

What do opsonins do?

A

Bind to pathogens and mark them for phagocytosis (phagocytes have receptors that bind to opsonins)

20
Q

What are primary defences? What are some examples?

A

Defences that prevent pathogens from entering the body.

Skin, conjunctiva (membrane covering the eye), mucus, ciliated epithelia, acidic conditions in stomach and vagina

21
Q

What are blood clotting systems for?

A

Repairing primary defences when they get damaged (particularly the skin)

22
Q

What is inflammation and how does it help?

A

Inflammation is when mast cells release histamine, causing blood vessels to dilate, causing more plasma to move into the tissue fluid and an increase in temperature. This increased temperature slows the rate of pathogen production and the inflammation is thought to help isolate pathogens.

23
Q

How does phagocytosis work?

A

A phagocyte engulfs a pathogen and encloses it within a membrane. A lysosome fuses with the phagocyte to form a phagolysosome, and releases digestive enzymes with digest the pathogen and destroy it

24
Q

What is the role of t helper cells?

A

To release cytokines, which stimulate b cells and other t cells and attract phagocytes to sites of infection

25
Q

What is the role of t killer cells?

A

Release performs which break down/damage membranes of pathogens

26
Q

What is the role of t memory cells?

A

Recognise antigens from previous infections (known as immunological memory)

27
Q

What is the role of t regulatory cells?

A

Prevent autoimmune reponses

28
Q

What is the role of plasma cells?

A

Produce antibodies

29
Q

What is the role of b effector cells?

A

Divide to form plasma cell clones

30
Q

What is the role of b memory cells?

A

Remember specific antigen (enabling rapid secondary immune response)

31
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules on cells (or viruses) that the immune system can use to detect infection

32
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

When antibodies act as opsonins, speeding up phagocytosis

33
Q

What is agglutination?

A

When antgen-antibody complexes clump together, making the clump too large to enter cells and meaning several pathogens can be engulfed at once

34
Q

What is neutralisation?

A

When antibodies bind to toxins, rendering them harmless

35
Q

What are autoimmune diseases?

A

When the immune system malfunctions and stops recognising self antigens. The body’s own cells are attacked by its own immune system

36
Q

When is an animal immune?

A

When it can be infected by a pathogen without developing any symptoms of the disease

37
Q

What is the principle of vaccination?

A

To persuade the body to produce antibodies and memory cells against a particular pathogen without the person contracting the disease