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Genetics Block 1 > Diseases > Flashcards

Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Features: dysmorphic faces, simian crease in palm of hand, sandal gap, clinodactyly, brushfield spots on iris, protruding tongue, low set ears
  • Comorbidities: leukemia (from GATA1), Dementia (BAPP gene on chromosome 21) -47 chromosomes including an extra copy of the small, acrocentric chromosome 21 - Trisomy 21
A

Down Syndrome

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2
Q

What are the ways to get Down Syndrome?

A
  • Trisomy 21
  • Robertsonian Translocation
  • 21q21q translocation
  • Mosaic Down Syndrome
  • Partial Trisomy 21
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3
Q

How does trisomy 21 occur?

  • Features: dysmorphic faces, simian crease in palm of hand, sandal gap, clinodactyly, brushfield spots on iris, protruding tongue, low set ears
  • Comorbidities: leukemia (from GATA1), Dementia (BAPP gene on chromosome 21) -47 chromosomes including an extra copy of the small, acrocentric chromosome 21 - Trisomy 21
A
  • 90% maternal nondisjunction during meiosis 1 [1+1+1] - Increase risk with age
  • 10% paternal nondisjunction during meiosis 2 [2+1] - Low reoccurrence risk for a second child
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4
Q

What is seen in the Robertsonian Translocation in Down’s Syndrome?

A

Robertsonian translocation between 21q with 14 or 22

  • not from maternal age
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5
Q
  • 95% spontaneous abortion, 5% live to 1 year old - Mental retardation, failure to thrive, severe malformation of the heart - Risk with increase maternal age - Micrognathia, overlapping fingers, rocker bottom feet - Trisomy 18 - 47, XY+18
A

Edwards Syndrome

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6
Q
  • Usually lethal in utero
  • Due to increase in maternal age
  • Cleft lip/palate**, microcephaly, microphthalmia, polydactyly, hernia, rocker bottom feet
  • Hands clench with 2nd and 5th digits overlapping 3rd and 4th
  • Trisomy 13 - 47, XY+18
A

Patau Syndrome

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7
Q
  • Chromosome 5p deletion
  • autosomal deletion syndrome
  • 10-15% reciprocal translocation
  • mewing cry, microcephaly, hypertelorism, epicanthus, antimongoloid slant eyes, most are severely retarded
  • deletion of part of the distal short arm of chromosome 5 designated 46,XY,del(5p)
A

Cri du Chat

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8
Q
  • autosomal deletion syndrome
  • 10-15% reciprocal translocation
  • mewing cry, microcephaly, hypertelorism, epicanthus, antimongoloid slant eyes, most are severely retarded
A

Cri du Chat

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9
Q

-Chromosome 5p deletion

A

Cri du Chat

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10
Q
  • Chromosome 17p11.2 deletion
  • Deletion of RAI1 gene (retinoic acid needed for normal CNS development)
  • Delayed speech/language skills, behavioral problems, sleep disturbances
A

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS)

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11
Q
  • Deletion of RAI1 gene (retinoic acid needed for normal CNS development)
  • Delayed speech/language skills, behavioral problems, sleep disturbances
A

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS)

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12
Q

-Chromosome 17p11.2 deletion

A

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS)

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13
Q
  • duplication of PMP-22 gene (peripheral myelin protein) located in chromosome 17p11.2-p12
  • Demyelinating neuropathy, distal leg wasting and atrophy
A

Charcot-Marie Tooth (CMT)

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14
Q
  • Demyelinating neuropathy, distal leg wasting and atrophy
A

Charcot-Marie Tooth (CMT)

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15
Q
  • duplication of PMP-22 gene
A

Charcot-Marie Tooth (CMT)

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16
Q
  • Autosomal Dominant microdeletion of 22q11.2
  • (CATCH 22) Cardio problems (tetralogy of Fallot)
  • Abnormal facies
  • Thymus missing or underdeveloped (t-cell deficiency)
  • Cleft Palate hypoparathyroidism/hypocalcemia
A

Di George

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17
Q

Cardio problems (tetralogy of Fallot)

  • Abnormal facies
  • Thymus missing or underdeveloped (t-cell deficiency)
  • Cleft Palate

hypoparathyroidism/hypocalcemia

A

Di George

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18
Q
  • Autosomal Dominant microdeletion of 22q11.2 -
A

Di George or VCFS

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19
Q
  • Autosomal Dominant microdeletion on chromosome 22q11.2
  • Palate velum (high arch), cleft palate, bifid uvula, cardiac disease, poor socialization, poor coordination
A

Velocardiofacial Syndrome (VCFS)

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20
Q
  • Inversion/duplication of chromosome 22q11.2
  • tetrasomy
  • ocular coloboma, congenital heart defects, craniofacial anomalies, moderate mental retardation
A

Cat-Eye Syndrome

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21
Q

-Inversion/duplication of chromosome 22q11.2

A

Cat-Eye Syndrome

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22
Q

(1) 45X, 50% of karyotypes
(2) 46X i(Xq), 50% of karyotypes
(3) Webbed neck, coarctation of aorta, streaked ovaries, widely spaced nipples, amenorrhea, infertility
(4) Hydrops Fetalis
(5) Cystic Hygroma

A

Turner Syndrome

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23
Q

(1) 47XXX, 48XXXX, 49XXXXX
(2) increase in SHOX gene
(3) Severity of mental retardation increases with # of Xs

A

Polysomy X

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24
Q

(1) Paternal non-disjunction disorder (meiosis 2)
(2) more SHOX = tall
(3) Slightly low IQ

A

47 XYY

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25
Q

(1) 47XXY
(2) Tall/thin
(3) High LH and FSH
(4) Gynecomastasia
(5) Infertile
(6) Hypogonadism and feminized characteristics

A

Klinefelter

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26
Q
  • Autosomal Dominant
  • Mutation in WT1 gene on chromosome 11p13
  • Nephropathy, complete gonadal dysgenesis (XY female), risk of gonadal blastoma
A

Fraiser’s Syndrome

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27
Q
  • Autosomal Dominant
  • Chromosome 11p13
  • Mutation in WT1 gene
  • XY male with pseudohermaphroditism
  • loss of playfulness, decreased appetite, growth delay, anuria,
  • mesengial renal sclerosis, Wilm’s tumor, ambiguous external genitalia
A

Deny’s Drash

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28
Q
  • Chromosome 11p13 Mutation in WT1 gene
A

Deny’s Drash or Fraiser

29
Q

(1) Duplication of DAX-1 on Xp21.3
(2) Suppression of SRY (not deleted or mutated)
(3) Ovarian development

A

Sex Reversed 46 XY (females)

30
Q

(1) Autosomal Dominant
(2) SOX9 gene mutation on chromosome 17q
3) Lethal skeletal malformation
(4) Die at birth or right after
(5) duplication SOX9 = XX male
(6) mutation SOX9 = XY female

A

Camptomelic Dysplasia

31
Q

(1) Mutation CYP21 gene on chromosome 6
(2) 21-hydroxylase gene
(3) Virilization of infants due to increased androgens (Females with male characteristics, males with increased male characteristics)

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Female Pseudohermaphrodite)

32
Q

(1) Deficient in 5 alpha-reductase
(2) Ambiguous genitalia, blind vagina/small penis

A

Male Pseudohermaphroditism

33
Q

(1) X-linked
(2) Deletion of gene coding for Androgen Receptor
(2) 46XY but completely female looking
(3) Blind vagina, no uterus/uterine tubes, infertile, undescended testes in abdomen

A

Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

34
Q

(1) Deletion of 15q from paternal
(2) Neonatal hypotonia, small handsand feet, mild mental retardation, hypogonadism, non-stop eating

A

Prader Willi Syndrome

35
Q

(1) Deletion of 15q from maternal
(2) Mutation in Ube3A (ubiquitin protein ligase)
(3) decrease in neuronal signals and synaptic development
(4) puppet like movements, inappropriate laughter and happiness, severe MR, microcephaly

A

Angelman Syndrome

36
Q

(1) Extra isochromosome 12p (tetrasomy 12p)
(2) poor muscle tone, thin upper lip/thick lower lip, short nose, severe MR, coarse facies

A

Pallister-Killian

37
Q
  • rare neurodevelopmental disorder
  • Deletion of 26 genes on chromosome 7q
  • one of the deleted genes is elastin
  • elfin face, cheerful demeanor, loves music, ease with strangers, aortic stenosis, hypercalcemia
A

William’s Syndrome

38
Q
  • Deletion of 26 genes on chromosome 7q
A

William’s Syndrome

39
Q

(1) Chromosome 11p15
(2) IGF2, CDKN1C, H19, HCNQOT1
(3) large babies, macroglossia, wilm’s tumor, omphalocele

A

Beckwith-Wiedeman

40
Q

Y linked gene required for normal spermatogenesis

A

USP9Y

41
Q

section DAZ genes on Y chromosome encode RNA-binding proteins

A

AZF (azoospermia factor)

42
Q

histone variant causing silencing of X chromosome

A

macroH2A

43
Q

gene that encodes noncoding RNA to silence an X chromosome expressed only from the allele of the inactive X

A

XIST

44
Q

gene essential for the development of the skeleton, particularly growth and maturation of bones in arms and legs

A

SHOX

45
Q

gene on Xp21.3 coding a transcription factor that plays a dosage sensitive role in determination of gonadal sex

A

DAX1

46
Q

gene located on 17q24 required for normal testis formation

A

SOX9

47
Q

gene located on 11p13 coding for Wilm’s tumor suppressor gene

A

WT1

48
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome

49
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edwards Syndrome

50
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Patau Syndrome

51
Q

How often does Down Syndrome occur?

A

Every 1 child in 800

52
Q

What is the major cause for concern in Down syndrome?

A

mental retardation

53
Q

These are health conditions seen in what disease?:

  • Congenital heart disease (in one third of individuals), one fourth of the liveborn infants with heart defects die before their first birthday
  • Hearing problems -

Intestinal problems, such as blocked small bowel or esophagus

  • Celiac disease
  • Eye problems, such as cataracts
  • Thyroid dysfunctions
  • Skeletal problems
  • 15-fold increase in the risk of leukemia (GATA1 mutations)
  • Dementia-similar to Alzheimer disease (bAPP gene on chr21)
A

Down Syndrome

54
Q

If you saw any of these karyotype results, what would the patient have?

Karyotype is 46,XX or XY,rob(14;21)(q10;q10); also use der(14:21)

A

Down Syndrome

55
Q

Which Down Syndrome has no relation to maternal age and a relatively high reccurence risk?

A

Translocation Down Syndrome

56
Q

What are 3 different chromosomal abnormalities in Dwon syndrome?

A
  • 21q21q translocation
  • Mosaic Down syndrome
  • partial trisomy 21
57
Q

-autosomal deletion syndrome

A

Cri du Chat

58
Q
  • Deletion of RAI1 gene (retinoic acid needed for normal CNS development)
A

Smith Magenis Syndrome (SMS)

59
Q
  • duplication of PMP-22 gene
A

Charcot Marie Tooth

60
Q

autosomal dominant microdeletion (x2)

A

Di George or Velocardiofacial Syndrome (VCFS)

61
Q

Inerversion/duplication

A

Cat-Eye syndrome

62
Q

Mutation in WT1 gene (x2)

A

Fraiser’s Syndrome or Deny’s Drash

63
Q

Duplication of DAX-1 or Suppression of SRY

A

Sex-reversed 46XY females

64
Q

SOX 9 mutation

A

Camptomelic Dysplasia

65
Q

mutation in CYP21 gene

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Female Pseudohermaphrodite)

66
Q

What are the 4 chromosomal abnormalities in Down Syndrome?

A
  • Robertsonian translocation -21q21q translocation -Mosaic -Partial trisomy
67
Q

X disorder not abnormal phenotypically, above average in stature, maternal age effect, may have only a slight mental deficiency

A

47XXX

68
Q
  • Inversion on chromosome 8
  • common with Hispanincs in the Southwest US
  • lethal condition caused by severe cardiac abnormalities and mental retardation
  • Founder Effect
A

Recombinant 8

Genetics Block 1 (7 decks)

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