Diseases 2 🙄

Question 1

Which pathway is mutated in ALL?

Answer 1

Fusion proteins act on DROSHA to increase oncogene miRNA 191

Question 2

How can miRNA cause cancer?

Answer 2

Act like tumour suppressors to regulate pro-apoptosis proteins
Act like oncogenes to inhibit tumour suppressors

Question 3

What can be a cause of CML?

Answer 3

Overexpression of miR-17-92 inhibits regulator of PI3K signalling

Question 4

How can CLL be treated?

Answer 4

Synthetic analogues of miR-15a and miR-16

Question 5

What can be a cause of CLL?

Answer 5

Deletion of miR-15a and 16 which regulate expression of anti-apoptosis BCL2 proteins
Results in overexpression of anti-apoptosis

Question 6

How can miRNAs be treated?

Answer 6

Sponges
Supplement loss
S Mwt compounds
Antisense oligos

Question 7

Give an example of supplementing loss of exons by aberrant splicing

Answer 7

SMaRT to deliver alternative tags contain pre-splicing mRNA in cystic fibrosis

Question 8

How can antisense oligos be stabilised?

Answer 8

Locked ribose rings/ nucleic acids (2OMeth) improves affinity

Anti-miR-122 in HCV

Question 9

How does HCV manipulate cellular miR-122?

Answer 9

Binds ahead of IRES to stabilise genome

Promotes replication

Question 10

What is the molecule in trials to treat HCV miR-122?

Answer 10

Miravastin

Question 11

How can loss of miRNA expression be corrected?

Answer 11

Supplementing gene using viral vectors or crispr-cas

Question 12

How is melanoma treated?

Answer 12

Anti miR-182 sponge

Question 13

BROADLY How can miRNA be treated?

Answer 13

Decrease/Increase cell mRNA

Decrease/increase miRNA

Question 14

Give an example of a latency associated transcript?

Answer 14

SV40 miR-S1 decreases T Ag to evade immune response during latency
KSHV miR-K5 for Bcl-2 pro-apoptosis proteins
Herpes miR-H2-3p for ICPO

Question 15

How do viruses affect miRNA?

Answer 15

Encode viral miRNA

Alter production / activity of cellular miRNA

Question 16

An example of a viral miRNA?

Answer 16

Adenovirus VA1 decreases DROSHA activity

Question 17

How does herpes use viral miRNA?

Answer 17

LAT (ncRNA) is pri-miRNA for 4 miRNA to suppress lytic lifecycle
MiRNA overlap lytic genes such as ICPO

Question 18

Which viruses encodes most miRNA?

Answer 18

EBV :23

Question 19

How can plants and bacteria use viRNA?

Answer 19

Incorporated into genome to create miRNA through crispr-cas

Question 20

Give examples of pathways controlled by miRNA?

Answer 20

30-75% all mRNA

Cell cycle
Metabolism
Immune differentiation
Apoptosis

Question 21

Why is miRNA targeting risky?

Answer 21

Multiple miRNAs per pathway AND multiple pathways per miRNA

Question 22

How does KSHV use miRNA?

Answer 22

Evades apoptosis during latency using 12 pre-miRNAs but 17 miRNAs from a single locus