Diseases

Question 1

What are microorganisms?

Answer 1

Group of tiny organisms

Question 2

What do Microorganisms include?

Answer 2

Bacteria, Viruses, Protists and Fungi

Question 3

What are bad microorganisms called?

Answer 3

Pathogens

Question 4

What is a pathogen?

Answer 4

A microorganism that can cause disease

Question 5

What type of disease do pathogens cause?

Answer 5

Communicable diseases

Question 6

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 6

A disease that can spread from person to person

Question 7

Give two ways pathogens spread and explain how.

Answer 7

Any two from:
1. Through the air, when we cough, tiny droplets of the pathogen is expelled from our body.
2. Contaminated food and water, if water was contaminated and you drank it you would get the disease.
3. Direct contact, touching the contaminated surface

Question 8

How can we stop disease spreading?

Answer 8

We can be hygienic by washing our hands and cleaning cookery utensils. Killing the disease vector, vaccination and quarntine

Question 9

What is a disease vector?

Answer 9

Something that caries the disease, for example Mosquitoes transporting Malaria

Question 10

What is the best way to kill vectors?

Answer 10

To vaccinate everyone

Question 11

Are viruses living creatures?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Are viruses cells?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

How many times smaller than a cell is a virus?

Answer 13

10,000 times smaller

Question 14

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 14

They use the cell’s machinery to make copies of themselves.

Question 15

What are the 2 ways a virus can reproduce?

Answer 15

The Lytic Pathway and the Lysogenic pathway

Question 16

What are the body’s two defense systems?

Answer 16

• Stopping pathogens getting into the body
• Killing pathogens if they enter the body

Question 17

What is the main cell in the immune system?

Answer 17

The white blood cell

Question 18

What defence mechanisms does the skin have?

Answer 18

• Covering our body, the physical barrier stops the pathogens from entering the body
• Releases oils and antimicrobial chemicals that kill any pathogens.

Question 19

As the pathogens can’t enter from the skin, where can they enter our body from?

Answer 19

They enter from holes such as the nose and the mouth.

Question 20

How is the nose adapted to stop pathogens from entering?

Answer 20

• Nose has hairs that catch pathogens trying to enter.
• Also has mucus that trap pathogens

Question 21

If pathogens get through the nose, what two tubes can it go down?

Answer 21

The trachea and the esophagus

Question 22

How is the trachea adapted to stop pathogens getting further into the body?

Answer 22

• Has mucus which traps pathogens. Also, to stop it building up, there are cilia hairs that move pathogens to the throat where we can swallow them.

Question 23

How is the stomach adapted to kill pathogens?

Answer 23

Produces Hydrochloric acid that has a very low pH and is very acidic that can kill pathogens

Question 24

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 24

When a white blood cells destroys a pathogen by engulfing it

Question 25

Why do we fill sick when pathogens enter our body?

Answer 25

They produce toxins

Question 26

What are toxins?

Answer 26

Mini posions to the cell

Question 27

What are the three ways White Blood cells protect us?

Answer 27

They carry out phagocytosis, they produce anti toxins and they produce anti bodies.

Question 28

What do antibodies do?

Answer 28

They track down pathogens and attach to them, acting as a signal for the white blood cell to come and carry out phagocytosis

Question 29

What type of white blood cell can carry out phagocytosis?

Answer 29

Phagocytes

Question 30

What are the four ways a disease can spread?

Answer 30

-through air -through water -through direct contact -through contact of body fluids

Question 31

What are antibodies?

Answer 31

Proteins

Question 32

How quickly do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 32

Every 20 minutes

Question 33

What are the 4 stages of the reproduction of a virus?

Answer 33

adsorption, penetration, replication and release

Question 34

What is adsorption?

Answer 34

When a virus genome attaches (binds) to a host cell

Question 35

What is penetration?

Answer 35

When the virus injects it's DNA into the cell, and makes it produce more viruses

Question 36

What is replication?

Answer 36

When the DNA of the virus takes over the cell and makes more virus particle

Question 37

What is the release stage?

Answer 37

When the virus bursts out of the cell

Question 38

What is the spreading of disease called?

Answer 38

Transmission

Question 39

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 39

White blood cells which attack pathogens by producing antibodies and anti toxins

Question 40

What are thr two types of lymphocytes?

Answer 40

B and T lymphocytes

Question 41

What do B-Lymphocytes do?

Answer 41

Produce antibodies

Question 42

What do T-Lymphocytes do?

Answer 42

Destroy cells infected by pathogens

Question 43

What are memory cells?

Answer 43

Cells that recognise thr same pathogen when it invades to produce large amounts of antibodies

Question 44

What do antitoxins do?

Answer 44

Neutralise toxins

Question 45

What are two symptoms of measles?

Answer 45

Fever, red rash

Question 46

What types of pathogen causes measles?

Answer 46

Virus

Question 47

How can you catch measles?

Answer 47

Inhalations of droplets from sneezes or coughs

Question 48

How does a bacteria become resistant to the antibody?

Answer 48

There will be random mutations in the DNA of the bacteria, causing it to be resistant to the antibody. All the other bacteria will die as the bacteria will kill them, and the bacteria that had the mutations will survive and reproduce, passing its genes along. Over time, this will carry on happening until all the bacteria are resistant

Question 49

What are two key features of stem cells?

Answer 49

They can divide by mitosis to form more cells and they can differentiate into different types of cells.

Question 50

How is an embryo formed?

Answer 50

An embryo is formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, creating a zygote cell. This zygote cell will divide by mitosis to form a ball of cells called an embryo.

Question 51

What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

Answer 51

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell, however adult stem cells can only differentiate into some cells.

Question 52

What are some issues with stem cell research?

Answer 52

Very limited supply of embryonic stem cells, the patient's immune system could reject the stem cells as the patient and the embryo have different genomes, ethical objects that the embryo has potential for life.