diseases Flashcards
chapter four
communicable diseases
Diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another
noncommunicable diseases
Illnesses that cannot be transmitted from one person to another
acute
diseases in which peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within three months
chronic
diseases or conditions in which symptoms last longer than three months
infectability
ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in a host
define agent, host, and environment
agent: cause of disease
host: A susceptible person or organism invaded by an infectious agent
Environment: Factors that inhibit or promote disease transmission
Pathogenicity
Capability of a communicable agent to cause disease in a susceptible host
step-by-step model of infection
pathogen
reservoir (host #1)
portal of exit
transmission (direct or indirect)
portal of entry (host #2)
establishment of infection
zoonoses
diseases for which reservoir resides in animal population
Anthroponoses
Diseases for which humans are the only known reservoir
direct transmission
immediate transfer of disease agent between infected and susceptible individuals
indirect transmission
transmission involving an intermediate step (airborne, vehicleborne, vectorborne, biological) (vehicles: nonliving objects by which agents are transfered)
multi-causation disease model (host, choices, environment)
host: inalterable, unique genetic endowment
personality, beliefs, behavioral choices: impact host
complex environment: exposes the host to risk factors
common non communicable diseases
cancer (second leading cause of death in US), heart disease (48%, leading cause of death in US), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, liver disease, and cirrhosis
levels of prevention
primary: Forestall onset of illness or injury during the pathogenesis period
secondary: early diagnosis and prompt treatment before the disease becomes advanced and disability severe
tertiary: aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis; retain, reeducate, rehabilitate
goals for eradication of disease
prevent: planning for and taking action to prevent or forestall the onset of disease or health problem
intervention: effort to control disease in progress; taking action during d\an event
control: total elimination of disease from the human population
active immunity
occurs when exposure to a disease-causing organism prompts the immune system to develop antibodies against that disease
passive immunity
occurs when a person revives antibodies against a disease rather than the immune system producing them
isolation
separation for the person for the length of time the disease is communicable
quarantine
limitation of freedom of movement for well individuals. used until the incubation period is over.
disinfection
killing of communicable agents outside of the host
types of secondary prevention of communicable disease
Individuals: Self-diagnosis, self-treatment with home remedies, Antibiotics prescribed by a physician
Communities: Controlling or limiting the extent of an epidemic
Carefully maintaining records; investigating cases
tertiary prevention of communicable disease
individuals return to full health.
communities work to prevent reoccurrence of epidemic
AIDS prevention
hot spot approach
preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
syringe service programs (SSPs)
blood bore pathogens standard
primary prevention for noncommunicable disease
individuals: health education, healthy food habits, exercise, safe driving
community: adequate food and energy supply, efficient community services, education opportunities, employment, housing
secondary prevention for noncommunicable disease
Individuals: Personal screenings, regular medical and dental checkups, the pursuit of diagnosis, and prompt treatment
Communities: Provision of mass screenings for chronic diseases, case-finding measures, provision of adequate health personnel, equipment, and facilities
tertiary prevention for noncommunicable disease
individual: significant behavior and lifestyle change. adherence to med. rehabilitation
community: adequate emergency personnel and services
