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My DFPH cards > Diseases > Flashcards

Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Bowel cancer

A

Age standardised incidence
- 69.3 / 100,000

age standardised mortality
- 26.7/ 100,000

Mortality 30% higher in most deprived areas compared to least deprived for males.

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2
Q

Depression

A

1 in 6 adults UK
Most prevelant mental health disorders
High contributor to DALYs
Women > men

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3
Q

Suicide

A

Age standardised mortality of 10.7 per 100,000
Men > women - males account for 3/4 of deaths

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4
Q

Dementia

A

3% -70-74
11% - 80-84
30% - 90-94

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5
Q

Psychosis

A

0.7% across all ages
Men > women

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6
Q

Parkinson’s

A

0.2% lifetime prevelance
Increasing with age
4/5 per 100,00 - 30-39
1700 per 100,000 - 80-84 (2% of age group)

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7
Q

CVD

A

Accounts for 1/4 of all deaths
Age standardised death rate 250/100,000
Men > women
Deaths from CVD 3x higher in most deprived areas

Stroke
100,000 strokes annually
Equal men/women
Significant cause of disability

CHD
14% males & 8% female deaths

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8
Q

Breast cancer

A

Most common cause of cancer
15% of all new cancer cases
Incidence highly related to age
Lifetime risk is 15% in women

Coverage of screening - 65.3% (dropped below 70% since covid)
Over diagnosis
False positives

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9
Q

Lung cancer

A

13% of all new cancer cases
21% of cancer deaths

Matches levels of smoking, higher in men, then peak in women after. Now declining.

Possible targeted screening recommended

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10
Q

Prostate cancer

A

13% of new cancers
80% survive to 10 years
Screening with PSA not recommended

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11
Q

Cervical cancer

A

1 in 142 women diagnosed in their lifetime
Worse in deprived areas

Reduced since screening program
Relative reduction of 87% for vaccinated 12-13 YOs

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12
Q

Asthma

A

12% prevalence

Occupational - ~ 10% adulte onset, commonest industrial lung disease in developed countries

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13
Q

COPD

A

4th leading cause of death worldwide
Second largest cause of emergency admissions in the UK
Increasing in women to now equal rates

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14
Q

Diabetes

A

8.6% of 16+ in UK
Higher in south Asian and black ethnicities
Increasing with age

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15
Q

Diphtheria

A

Average 2-11 cases annually
Asylum seeker outbreak 2022 - 50 cases. Predominantly cutaneous.

Diagnosis - swab

Reservoir- humans and cattle (ulcerans)

Transmission - droplets or contact (human or animal), consumption of unpasteurised milk

Notifiable

Control- vaccine, treatment and micro clearance, swab and vaccinate contacts.

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16
Q

Pertussis

A

Whooping cough
9 cases 2022

Few outbreaks- started vaccinating pregnant women in 2012

Diagnosis - swabs
Reservoir- humans
Transmission - droplets
Notifiable

Control- vaccine - child and pregnant women
Treat, isolate, offer abx and vaccine to vulnerable household contacts.

17
Q

Tetanus

A

4 cases 2022
Major cause of morbidity in Africa and Asia (umbilical stump)

Diagnosis- serum for toxin
Reservoir - intestines and spores in soil from faeces
Transmission- spores into open wounds, needles

Control- vaccine preventable
Look for source

18
Q

Polio

A

No cases since mid 90s
Only present in a few countries world wide

Diagnosis- viral detection
Reservoir - humans
Transmission- faecal oral

Notifiable

Control - vaccine

19
Q

H. Influenzae

A

Few hundred cases annually
Mostly adults
Most non invasive

Diagnosis- PCR
Reservoir- humans
Transmission- droplets

Meningitis- Notifiable

Control- vaccine, chemoprophylaxis

20
Q

Pneumococcus

A

Multiple strains
Issue in vulnerable (asplenic)

Diagnosis- culture
Reservoir - humans
Transmission- droplet

Enhances surveillance

Control- vaccine

21
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

Seasonal epidemics, meningitis belt - Sahara
Student epidemics

Diagnosis- culture/PCR
Reservoir - humans
Transmission- person to person

Notifiable

Control- vaccine

22
Q

TB

A

Notification rate 7.8/100,000
Low incidence country (<10)
More urban areas
Most deprived people
Inclusion health groups
People born outside of UK

Pre Covid- leading cause of ID death globally

Diagnosis- culture
Reservoir - humans and animals
Transmission- prolonged contact
Notifiable

Control- vaccine in children in higher rate areas, or parents/grandparents born in TB endemic country
Treat, DAT, screening

23
Q

Mumps

A

Viral

Notifiable

Control- vaccine

24
Q

Measles

A

Virus
368 cases 2023
Recent peak of cases 2023/2024

Diagnosis- serum
Reservoir- humans
Transmission- direct contact with case, 10/15 mins in a room, R ~15

Notifiable

Control- vaccine, isolation.

25
Q

Rubella

A

Virus
No cases 2020/2021

Reservoir - humans
Transmission- contact

Notifiable

Control- vaccine

26
Q

Human papilloma virus

A

3.2% of women harbour 16/18
Chronic infection- 80-90% cleared in 24 months

Reservoir - humans
Transmission- contact

Cancer registries

Control- screening and vaccination

27
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

MRSA
C-Diff

Mandatory surveillance in trusts

Control- hygiene, PPE, micro clearance

28
Q

GI infections

A

Campylobacter - most common bacteria infection. Poultry, cattle, some pets. - human to human transmission uncommon.

Cholera - rare in UK, isolation and hygiene most important. Vaccine but not very good, not recommended

Cryptosporidium- children, autumn peak, farm animals and humans, hand hygiene, isolation etc

Shigellae

Salmonella - multiple animals/burds, common outbreaks, vaccinate poultry, hygiene, isolation.

Typhoid/paratyphi- endemic in developing countries, mostly travel related, Notifiable, sanitation, hygiene, isolate.

Norovirus- seasonal winter, isolate/ hygiene

29
Q

E. coli

A

0157 toxin producing - diarrhoea illness - HUS
Food borne outbreaks
Reservoir- Cattle
Transmission- contaminated water, humans, animal
Notifiable
Control - Hygiene, food practices, isolate

30
Q

Hepatitis

A

A & E - acute limiting illness, person to person, faecal oral, food. Endemic in developing countries. A- failure in small numbers

B- chronic, carriage rate in UK 0.5%. BBV, vaccine to high risk groups. D co infection

C- chronic, complex treatment, BBV. Strategy to eradicate.
0.14% UK
11.8% PWID
Need to reduce re infection rate

31
Q

Flu

A

A/B/C
A- most epidemics, most severe.

Winter outbreaks, worse in vulnerable. Droplet
Annual vaccine for at risk

32
Q

Legionella

A

Bacteria
Environmental water
Aerosols
Notifiable

33
Q

HIV

A

Just over 100,00 people living with HIV in the UK- 89% are suppressed.
UK meeting- 90-90-90 target
Incidence decreasing but prevelance increasing

Almost half of people accessing HIV care are 50yrs +
95% sexual transmission- 48% men/woman and 46% man/man

34
Q

Vector borne diseases

A

Malaria - anopheles
Travel advice- Awareness, Bite prevention, Chemoprophylaxis, Diagnosis

Dengue - aedes - day biters

Lyme - ticks

35
Q

Scabies

A

Mite infestation
Outbreaks where people live in close proximity- care homes, hospitals, prisons
Not Notifiable - estimate 1/50 long term care facilities will exp an outbreak annually

Treat, isolate, clean sheets etc

36
Q

Vaccine preventable diseases

A

Available vaccines

Cholera
COVID-19 (corona virus)
Dengue
Diphtheria
Hepatitis
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Influenza
Japanese encephalitis
Malaria
Measles
Meningococcal meningitis
Mumps
Pertussis
Pneumococcal disease
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
Rotavirus
Rubella
Tetanus
Tick-borne encephalitis
Tuberculosis
Typhoid
Varicella
Yellow Fever

My DFPH cards (7 decks)

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