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Biology Unit 2 > Diseases > Flashcards

Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Non-infectious disease

A

Cannot be spread from one organism to another. Caused by: genetic factors, environmental factors, diet/lifestyle, occupational

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2
Q

Infectious disease

A

In the presence of a disease causing organism in or on the body of a host (a pathogen) they are communicable meaning it is easily passed from one organism to another

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3
Q

Six pathogens

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, Prions, protist, parasite

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4
Q

Bacteria

A

Single celled, sphere/rod/spiral, few cause disease, toxins produced by bacteria that cause disease, can be seen under microscope

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5
Q

Virus

A

Non-cellular, composed of protein coat and nuclear acid (DNA or RNA), need a host to survive

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6
Q

Fungi

A

Can be large (mushrooms) or small (unicellular Yeasts) , Eukaryotic, reproduce by spores, cell walls (Chitin), Pathogenic (son), secrete enzymes to host

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7
Q

Prions

A

Small infectious proteins, cause degeneration of brain tissue, no genetic material, smaller than viruses, exist naturally in body with in surface of neurons

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8
Q

Protists

A

Eukaryotic, unicellular, fewer dangerous

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9
Q

Parasite

A

Lives in or on a host causing harm and gaining nutrition from host

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10
Q

Parasitism

A

Relationship between organisms in which The parasite benefits, or parasites are pathogens

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11
Q

Endo parasite

A

Internal parasite for example tapeworm, cause significant illness in blood loss

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12
Q

Ectoparasite

A

External parasite for example fleas, live on surface of skin, most produce minor symptoms, easily treated

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13
Q

 malaria

A

Caused by protest, transmitted to host through female mosquito

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14
Q

Virulence 

A

Ability for pathogenic to cause disease

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15
Q

How is virulence measured

A

How many individuals infected, rate of spread throughout body, number of hosts dead due to infection

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16
Q

How does an organism cause disease four stsps

A

It must: enter host, multiply in tissues, resist defence mechanisms, damage host

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17
Q

Adhesion

A

The component or appendage on the surface of bacteria that helps the adhesion to other cells or to inanimate surfaces

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18
Q

Invasion factors

A

A protein that allows pathogens to enter a cell

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19
Q

Capsules

A

Blocks or switches off the hosts immune system

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20
Q

Toxins

A

A protein produced by pathogens and that poisons host cells

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21
Q

 endotoxin

A

The pathogen toxin bound to its outer membrane and not really liberated into the surrounding medium

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22
Q

 Exotoxin

A

A protein produced and released by a pathogen can damage cell membranes, interfere with cell signalling and provoke release of huge amounts of inflammatory chemicals, can result in toxic shock syndrome

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23
Q

Modes of disease transmission

A

Direct contact (touching), indirect contact (touching object), airborne(Cough), foodborne, animal born (bites in faeces), waterborne (contaminated water/drinking/swimming)

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24
Q

: vectors

A

A living organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another

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25
Q

Innate  immune response

A

Genetic factors, non-specific, Natural resistance you’re born with, genetically determined (varied between individuals) example is cilia and Yucas

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26
Q

Entering the body for an innate immune response

A

Pathogens enter through eyes nose mouth urinary and reproductive passages. 

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27
Q

Acquired/adaptive immune system

A

Specific, specific to vertebrates, Targets pathogens after being specifically identified by particular components of immune system, Takes time to develop therefore not as rapid as innate, Involves activation of specific immune cells which are lymphocytes

28
Q

Stimulating and your response

A

Defend from invasion of pathogen, must be able to distinguish between self and non-self

29
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that triggers an immune response, foreign substance that is not recognised to the body and may cause physical or chemical changes in the body that stimulate an immune response

30
Q

 antibodies

A

Molecules produced by the host cells that identify and help destroy antigen bearing cells

31
Q

 first and second lines of defence in immune response

A

Innate immune system for example mucus and cilia

32
Q

Third line of defence in immune system

A

Specific/adaptive immune system with antibodies and T lymphocytes

33
Q

Inflammatory response

A

When tissue is damaged and pathogens into body, chemicals stimulate basophils and must cells release histamine, redirect blood flow to injured area, vessels dilate, increase number of phagocytes equals destroyed pathogens

34
Q

Basophil cells

A

Prevent blood from clotting

35
Q

Mast cells

A

Type of Basophil, release histamine

36
Q

Phagocytose this

A

Phagocytes forms groove, engulfs foreign cells, and just sell, form package/vertical around it, Liza zone invisible fused together, unwonted cell is lyses meaning broken down, By lysozymes (enzymes) within lysosomes

37
Q

Humoral immunity (adaptive immune response)

A

Involves action of t cells, produce antibodies.

38
Q

b lymphocytes

A

. When encountering a non-self antigens they produce antibodies against only one specific antigen

39
Q

What do B cells defend against

A

Bacteria and viruses outside of the cell, toxins produced by bacteria

40
Q

 B cell differentiation

A

Memory cell and plasma cell

41
Q

Memory cell

A

When these cells encounter same antigen again they rapidly differentiate into antibody producing plasma cells

42
Q

Plasma cells

A

Secrete antibodies against antigens, each plasma cell lives for a few days, produce around 2000 antibody molecules per second

43
Q

Summary of humoral immunity

A

Antigen activates particular B-cell then the cell multiply to form plasma cells then some V cells differentiate into memory cells

44
Q

Cell meditated immune system (adaptive immune response)

A

Involved in the direct killing of virally infected and cancerous cells by CytotoxinT lymphocytes

45
Q

T cells

A

Originate from stem cells but mature into thymus gland where they become programmed to recognise specific antigens they can eliminate infected body cells/tumour cells by releasing powerful cytotoxins they can differentiate into four different specialised types of cells

46
Q

Helper T cell

A

Activate cytotoxic T cells and help other T cells necessary for B-cell activation

47
Q

Suppressor T cell

A

Regulates immune response by turning it off with no more antigen is present

48
Q

T cell for delayed hypersensitivity

A

Causes inflammation in allergic reactions and rejection of tissue transplants

49
Q

Cytotoxic/killer T cells

A

Destroy target cells on contact

50
Q

Summary of cell meditated immune system

A

Antigen activates killer T cells then with assistance from helper T cells killer T cells multiply then killer T cells attached and destroy abnormal cells then killer T cells remain as memory cells to quickly attack if reappeared

51
Q

Primary immune response

A

First encounter with specific antigen memory cells are produced and circulated in the bloodstream

52
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Memory cells recognise the antigen and produce specific antibodies and lymphocytes very quickly

53
Q

HIV

A

Results in severe form of immuno deficiency HIV targets helper T cells by injecting its RNA in the cell and using it to produce more viral particles, after several years prone to multiple infections, many sufferers die from simple yeast or bacterial infection pneumonia or unusual tumours or cancers

54
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Antibodies passed from mother to fetus fireplace Centre during pregnancy or milk to infant as infants do not produce antibodies of its own

55
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Antigens enter body naturally, microbes cause person to catch disease, there is a subclinical infection (no evident symptoms), body produces specialised lymphocytes and antibodies

56
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Performed antibodies in an immune serum are injected into the body for example an anti venom the body does not produce antibodies

57
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Antigens are introduced in vaccines, body produces and specialises lymphocytes and antibodies

58
Q

 vaccines

A

Vile substance that have been treated to reduce the violence of virus but are strong enough to let immune response be triggered, vaccinations prevent the disease because it initiates response and allows immune system’s to produce memory cells reducing the time needed to combat disease

59
Q

Herd immunity

A

Occurs when a large portion of a community becomes in the into a disease, making the spread of disease from person to person unlikely

60
Q

Mortality rate

A

 rate of deaths per population size, represented as proportions
Calculation is deaths caused by disease multiplied by the proportion divided by the population

61
Q

Case fatality ratio

A

Number of deaths among those who have contracted the disease, usually a percentage. Equation is deaths caused by disease times 100 divided by reported cases

62
Q

What is r zero and measure of

A

The number of people who became infected by a single person with the disease, for a disease with an R zero of to each person who is infected is likely to infect to other people

63
Q

Controlling disease individually

A

Avoid contact with vectors to do this use insect repellent and don’t swim in water suspected of being contaminated. Sneezing into elbow rather than hand to stop easy spread a virus, wash hands with soap as soap gets rid of the oil on your hands which means that micro organisms can’t stick to it, cooking food correctly to ensure no food poisoning, insure drinking water is not contaminated

64
Q

Controlling disease community

A

School and workplace closures, reduction of mass gatherings, temperature screening and travel restrictions, quarantine

65
Q

Contact tracing

A

Trace all contacts of the original infected person

66
Q

Public health program

A

A program undertaken by organisations to promote human health through informed choices for example including vaccination program such as all children must be vaccinated before entering childcare

67
Q



A

Biology Unit 2 (1 decks)

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