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Biology Unit 2 > Diseases > Flashcards

Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Non-infectious disease

A

Cannot be spread from one organism to another. Caused by: genetic factors, environmental factors, diet/lifestyle, occupational

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2
Q

Infectious disease

A

In the presence of a disease causing organism in or on the body of a host (a pathogen) they are communicable meaning it is easily passed from one organism to another

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3
Q

Six pathogens

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, Prions, protist, parasite

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4
Q

Bacteria

A

Single celled, sphere/rod/spiral, few cause disease, toxins produced by bacteria that cause disease, can be seen under microscope

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5
Q

Virus

A

Non-cellular, composed of protein coat and nuclear acid (DNA or RNA), need a host to survive

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6
Q

Fungi

A

Can be large (mushrooms) or small (unicellular Yeasts) , Eukaryotic, reproduce by spores, cell walls (Chitin), Pathogenic (son), secrete enzymes to host

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7
Q

Prions

A

Small infectious proteins, cause degeneration of brain tissue, no genetic material, smaller than viruses, exist naturally in body with in surface of neurons

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8
Q

Protists

A

Eukaryotic, unicellular, fewer dangerous

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9
Q

Parasite

A

Lives in or on a host causing harm and gaining nutrition from host

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10
Q

Parasitism

A

Relationship between organisms in which The parasite benefits, or parasites are pathogens

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11
Q

Endo parasite

A

Internal parasite for example tapeworm, cause significant illness in blood loss

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12
Q

Ectoparasite

A

External parasite for example fleas, live on surface of skin, most produce minor symptoms, easily treated

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13
Q

 malaria

A

Caused by protest, transmitted to host through female mosquito

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14
Q

Virulence 

A

Ability for pathogenic to cause disease

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15
Q

How is virulence measured

A

How many individuals infected, rate of spread throughout body, number of hosts dead due to infection

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16
Q

How does an organism cause disease four stsps

A

It must: enter host, multiply in tissues, resist defence mechanisms, damage host

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17
Q

Adhesion

A

The component or appendage on the surface of bacteria that helps the adhesion to other cells or to inanimate surfaces

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18
Q

Invasion factors

A

A protein that allows pathogens to enter a cell

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19
Q

Capsules

A

Blocks or switches off the hosts immune system

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20
Q

Toxins

A

A protein produced by pathogens and that poisons host cells

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21
Q

 endotoxin

A

The pathogen toxin bound to its outer membrane and not really liberated into the surrounding medium

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22
Q

 Exotoxin

A

A protein produced and released by a pathogen can damage cell membranes, interfere with cell signalling and provoke release of huge amounts of inflammatory chemicals, can result in toxic shock syndrome

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23
Q

Modes of disease transmission

A

Direct contact (touching), indirect contact (touching object), airborne(Cough), foodborne, animal born (bites in faeces), waterborne (contaminated water/drinking/swimming)

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24
Q

: vectors

A

A living organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another

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25
Innate  immune response
Genetic factors, non-specific, Natural resistance you’re born with, genetically determined (varied between individuals) example is cilia and Yucas
26
Entering the body for an innate immune response
Pathogens enter through eyes nose mouth urinary and reproductive passages. 
27
Acquired/adaptive immune system
Specific, specific to vertebrates, Targets pathogens after being specifically identified by particular components of immune system, Takes time to develop therefore not as rapid as innate, Involves activation of specific immune cells which are lymphocytes
28
Stimulating and your response
Defend from invasion of pathogen, must be able to distinguish between self and non-self
29
Antigen
Any substance that triggers an immune response, foreign substance that is not recognised to the body and may cause physical or chemical changes in the body that stimulate an immune response
30
 antibodies
Molecules produced by the host cells that identify and help destroy antigen bearing cells
31
 first and second lines of defence in immune response
Innate immune system for example mucus and cilia
32
Third line of defence in immune system
Specific/adaptive immune system with antibodies and T lymphocytes
33
Inflammatory response
When tissue is damaged and pathogens into body, chemicals stimulate basophils and must cells release histamine, redirect blood flow to injured area, vessels dilate, increase number of phagocytes equals destroyed pathogens
34
Basophil cells
Prevent blood from clotting
35
Mast cells
Type of Basophil, release histamine
36
Phagocytose this
Phagocytes forms groove, engulfs foreign cells, and just sell, form package/vertical around it, Liza zone invisible fused together, unwonted cell is lyses meaning broken down, By lysozymes (enzymes) within lysosomes
37
Humoral immunity (adaptive immune response)
Involves action of t cells, produce antibodies.
38
b lymphocytes
. When encountering a non-self antigens they produce antibodies against only one specific antigen
39
What do B cells defend against
Bacteria and viruses outside of the cell, toxins produced by bacteria
40
 B cell differentiation
Memory cell and plasma cell
41
Memory cell
When these cells encounter same antigen again they rapidly differentiate into antibody producing plasma cells
42
Plasma cells
Secrete antibodies against antigens, each plasma cell lives for a few days, produce around 2000 antibody molecules per second
43
Summary of humoral immunity
Antigen activates particular B-cell then the cell multiply to form plasma cells then some V cells differentiate into memory cells
44
Cell meditated immune system (adaptive immune response)
Involved in the direct killing of virally infected and cancerous cells by CytotoxinT lymphocytes
45
T cells
Originate from stem cells but mature into thymus gland where they become programmed to recognise specific antigens they can eliminate infected body cells/tumour cells by releasing powerful cytotoxins they can differentiate into four different specialised types of cells
46
Helper T cell
Activate cytotoxic T cells and help other T cells necessary for B-cell activation
47
Suppressor T cell
Regulates immune response by turning it off with no more antigen is present
48
T cell for delayed hypersensitivity
Causes inflammation in allergic reactions and rejection of tissue transplants
49
Cytotoxic/killer T cells
Destroy target cells on contact
50
Summary of cell meditated immune system
Antigen activates killer T cells then with assistance from helper T cells killer T cells multiply then killer T cells attached and destroy abnormal cells then killer T cells remain as memory cells to quickly attack if reappeared
51
Primary immune response
First encounter with specific antigen memory cells are produced and circulated in the bloodstream
52
Secondary immune response
Memory cells recognise the antigen and produce specific antibodies and lymphocytes very quickly
53
HIV
Results in severe form of immuno deficiency HIV targets helper T cells by injecting its RNA in the cell and using it to produce more viral particles, after several years prone to multiple infections, many sufferers die from simple yeast or bacterial infection pneumonia or unusual tumours or cancers
54
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Antibodies passed from mother to fetus fireplace Centre during pregnancy or milk to infant as infants do not produce antibodies of its own
55
Naturally acquired active immunity
Antigens enter body naturally, microbes cause person to catch disease, there is a subclinical infection (no evident symptoms), body produces specialised lymphocytes and antibodies
56
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Performed antibodies in an immune serum are injected into the body for example an anti venom the body does not produce antibodies
57
Artificially acquired active immunity
Antigens are introduced in vaccines, body produces and specialises lymphocytes and antibodies
58
 vaccines
Vile substance that have been treated to reduce the violence of virus but are strong enough to let immune response be triggered, vaccinations prevent the disease because it initiates response and allows immune system’s to produce memory cells reducing the time needed to combat disease
59
Herd immunity
Occurs when a large portion of a community becomes in the into a disease, making the spread of disease from person to person unlikely
60
Mortality rate
 rate of deaths per population size, represented as proportions Calculation is deaths caused by disease multiplied by the proportion divided by the population
61
Case fatality ratio
Number of deaths among those who have contracted the disease, usually a percentage. Equation is deaths caused by disease times 100 divided by reported cases
62
What is r zero and measure of
The number of people who became infected by a single person with the disease, for a disease with an R zero of to each person who is infected is likely to infect to other people
63
Controlling disease individually
Avoid contact with vectors to do this use insect repellent and don’t swim in water suspected of being contaminated. Sneezing into elbow rather than hand to stop easy spread a virus, wash hands with soap as soap gets rid of the oil on your hands which means that micro organisms can’t stick to it, cooking food correctly to ensure no food poisoning, insure drinking water is not contaminated
64
Controlling disease community
School and workplace closures, reduction of mass gatherings, temperature screening and travel restrictions, quarantine
65
Contact tracing
Trace all contacts of the original infected person
66
Public health program
A program undertaken by organisations to promote human health through informed choices for example including vaccination program such as all children must be vaccinated before entering childcare
67


Biology Unit 2 (1 decks)

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