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Biology - Chapter 11 > Disease prevention > Flashcards

Disease prevention Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first line of defence?

A

Physical/chemical defences preventing the entry of pathogens

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2
Q

Examples of first line of defence?

A

Skin, mucous membrane, chemicals e.g. lysosome

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3
Q

What is an expulsive reflex?

A

A cough/sneeze, expelling irritants (including pathogens), from the upper part of the gas exchange system

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4
Q

Physical defence?

A

Tissue acts as barrier to pathogens

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5
Q

Cellular defence?

A

Cells alert body and produce substances to protect and digest pathogens

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6
Q

Chemical defence?

A

Substances secreted by body trap them and cause them to burst

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7
Q

Harmless bacteria and fungi defence?

A

Compete with pathogens to prevent infections

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8
Q

How might hydrochloric acid protect us?

A

Secreted by cells in stomach lining kills bacteria

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9
Q

What is the second line of defence?

A

Phagocytic cells and antimicrobial proteins, act when first line of defence hasn’t stopped a pathogen

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10
Q

What are non-specific defences?

A

Present from birth, cannot distinguish between pathogens, give same response so quick but not always effective

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11
Q

What is a rapid response to getting a wound of any kind?

A

Blood clotting

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12
Q

How does the blood clot?

A

Platelets and cells release compounds which start a complex chain of reaction, involving many large plasma proteins

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13
Q

Inflammation?

A

Response to tissue damage/infection, releasing chemical signalling molecules, increasing blood flow and movement of phagocytes

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14
Q

Cytokines?

A

Small protein molecules that act as cell signalling compounds

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15
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Involved in stimulating events which occur in response to to infection e.g. inflammation

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16
Q

What are interleukins?

A

A cytokine

17
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Increase chance of phagocytes going to the infected area

18
Q

How do mast cells respond to tissue damage?

A

Secretes histamine (cell signalling compound) stimulating responses

19
Q

How is vasodilation a response to the histamine released by mast cells?

A

It allows more blood flow through capillaries

20
Q

How does swelling occur?

A

Capillaries become leaky and fluid enters tissues

21
Q

How do phagocytes respond to histamine?

A

Leave blood, enter tissues and engulf foreign material

22
Q

What does histamine stimulate cells to secrete?

A

Cytokines

23
Q

How do stem cells help repair a scab?

A

Divide by mitosis

24
Q

How do platelets help repair a scab?

A

They secrete growth factors, initing cells to divide and grow

25
Q

What are formed as a stage of healing a wound?

A

New blood vessels

26
Q

What is produced as a stage of healing a wound?

A

Collagen

27
Q

What tissue forms and what does it do, when healing a wound?

A

Granulation tissue, fills wound so changes can occur underneath still

28
Q

What cells form and why when healing a wound?

A

New epithelium cells form by division of stem cells, to go to new tissue

29
Q

What are the two final steps of wound healing?

A

Wound contraction by contractile cells and death of unwanted cells

30
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

Short lived phagocytic cell, produced in bone marrow (WBC)

31
Q

Monocyte?

A

Medium sized cell, circulates in blood till it leaves in the form of a macrophage, living in tissues for a long time

32
Q

Macrophage?

A

Large and long lived phagocytic cell, remains in tissues, they process pathogens presenting their antigens

33
Q

Dendritic cell?

A

Large phagocytic cell with long extensions, giving it a large SA to interact t with pathogens and lymphocytes

34
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Spread into tissue, rapid reaction, do not last long as die once engulfed bacteria

35
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Only enter tissues to form into a macrophage, they process and present antigens to lymphocytes, they can remain there or migrate elsewhere

36
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Ingest foreign material, migrate and take the material to the lymph nodes

Biology - Chapter 11 (1 decks)

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