Disease on Cellular level Flashcards
Lecture 1
Pathology
Disease
is the study of disease
inability to adapt to change in environment
Histopathology
investigation and diagnosis of disease from examination of tissues
Cytopathology
invest and diagnosis from examination of **isolated cells **
Haematology
cellular and coagulation of blood
Microbiology
infectious disease and organisms responsible
Immunology
defence mechanisms of body
Chemical pathology
chemical changes in tissues and fluids
Genetics
abnormal chromosomes and genes
Toxicology
effects of known or suspected poisons
Forensic Pathology
use of pathology for legal purposes
Aetiology
characteristics of disease
cause of disease
Pathogenesis
charac of disease
mechanism causing disease
Complications and sequelae
secondary systemic or distant complications of disease.
Prognosis
expected trend of disease ito healing, remission, expected outcome
What is most likely to happen to patient (how present)
Epidemiology
incidence, prevalence, and community distribution of disease.
studies of disease, informs us of the disease.
Primary vs Secondary
Primary - describe causation of disease, initial or first stage
Secondary - disease as complication of primary (due to primary) & distinguish betw initial and subsequent stages of disease.
Acute and Chronic
- acute - fast onset
- chronic - follow on acute or slow original occurrence
Benign & Malignant
- benign - non-malicious
- malignant - indicates harmful
benign - destructive, wants to invade, destroy, ability to spread to other organs
malignant - increases in size, inability to destroy, but if grow and push on blood vessel, cause issues
Ana
Dys
Hyper
Hypo
Meta
Neo
Prefixes
- absence
- disordered
- excess
- deficiency
- changing one state to another
- new
itis
oma
osis
oid
penia
Suffixes
- inflammotory process
- tumor
- meaning state or condition
- looks like
- deficiency
Cellular Injury
(3 Cellular adaptations)
cell is capable of adapting and surviving within certain limits
if limits exceeded, leads to cell injury/death cell
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
Atrophy
decrease in cell size & loss of cell content
decrease: size
loss: content
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size due to increase cell content
> cell content , therefore > cell size
Hyperplasia
increase amount of cells
amount
How is the effect of stress factor on cell determined?
- nature and severity of stress factor
- cellular factors
* susceptibility
* differentiation
* blood supply
* nutritional state
8 Causes of Cellular Injury
must know - good to put the disease into a category
- physical agents
- chemical agents
- infectious agents
- O2 deprivation
- immunological reactions
- genetic factors
- nutritional imbalances
- ageing
Classification of disease: 2 modes of acquisition
- Congenital
- Acquired
Congenital - pathogenetic classification
- genetic
- non-genetic
Acquired
- inflammation
- growth disorders
- injury and disordered repair
- haemodynamic
- disordered immunity
- metabolic and degenerative
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
different agents can injure various structural and fx components of cell.
- mitochondrial damage
- protein misfolding, DNA damage
- mechanical disruption
- energy failure
- failure of membrane functional integrity
- membrane damage
- blockage of metabolic pathways
- DNA damage/loss
- Membrane damage
- entry of Ca2+
Free radical associated injury
What it is and what it does
- chemical structure w/ unpaired electron in outer orbit
- free radicals very reactive - attacks fatty acids in membranes.
state where structure is unpaired electron, making it unstable, then attacks fatty acids in cell membrane.
What does the reversibility in early stages/mild forms of injury look like?
The functional and morphological changes are** still reversible** if stimulus is removes
What are the 2 morphological changes in early injury?
- cellular swelling
- fatty change
Explain the term irreversible injury
- continuing damage
- cell cannot recover and dies
when the threshold is met, the damage continues and cell cannot recover.
What are the 2 types of cell death?
- Necrosis
- Apoptosis
Necrosis
what is? pathological? types?
- membrane damage
- enzyme leakage and cell digestion
- always pathological
1. coagulative
2. colliquative
3. caseating
4. fibrinoid
5. fat necrosis
6. gangrene
Apoptosis
- cell deprived of growth factors
- damage DNA or proteins
- cell kills itself
- not pathological can be functional
Intracellular accumulations result of what? What different examples/ types?
cells may accumulate abnormal amounts of various substances
- excessive intake or
- defective transport/catabolism
1. lipids, protein, glycogen, pigments
2. abundance of certain factors
3. accumulation of non metabolisable products
4. overproduction of intracellular products
2 types of Calcification
common, see white spots on xray, deposition of calcium and other salts in the body.
- Dystrophic calcification
- Metastatic calcification
Dystrophic calcification
what? where find in?
- calcification in dead and injured tissues w/ normal calcium metabolism
- heart valves, tuberculous lymph nodes, atherosclerosis
- hematoma around a fracture
Metastatic calcification
have too much calcium in body - causes? where?
- decrease in bone formation (immobilization)
- decrease catabolism (malignancy)
- in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia
takes the calcium in bone and places in organ
