DISEASE & INFECTION Flashcards
1
Q
What was a Medieval Doctor like?
A
- They followed the ancient method of clinical observation.
- They tend to concentrate on two indicators (the pulse and urine).
- They based their natural cures on the ancient Greek theory of illness, which involved the equal balance of the Four Humours.
- To qualify as a Medieval Doctor, you would have to study for at least 7 years.
- It was possible for a fully qualified doctor to leave University without seeing an actual patient.
- They learned the treatments of Hippocrates and Galen, together with the medical knowledge from the Islamic, Indian and Chinese worlds.
2
Q
What were some of the causes of disease in the Middle Ages?
A
- Punishment from God
- Four Humours [UNBALANCED]
- Miasma [BAD SMELL]
- Astrology
- Outrageous fashion
- Children who didn’t respect their parents
- Minority groups
3
Q
What were some of the treatments to treat disease in the Middle Ages?
A
- Purging
- Bleeding
- Bloodletting
- Herbal remedies
- Praying to God
- Theory of Opposites
- Poppy
- Willow
- Garlic
- Foxglove
- Laxatives
- Wine [ANTISEPTIC]
4
Q
What were beliefs of disease in the Medieval Times?
A
- ON THE PREVIOUS 2 FLASHCARDS ARE CAUSES AND TREATMENTS
- Medieval doctors copied herbal remedies, Galen’s theories and Hippocrates theories form other and previous eras.
- Remedies often combined of natural with supernatural approaches such as prayers, charms, and astrology.
5
Q
Hippocrates:
Who was he and what did he do?
A
- He was the “father of modern medicine”.
- Created the Theory of the Four Humours
- Black Bile
- Yellow Bile
- Blood
- Phlegm
- [BASED ON THE FOUR SEASONS, AND IF ANY OF THE FOUR HUMOURS WERE OUT OF BALANCE, YOU’D BECOME ILL]
- He believed in observation and bodily treatment. (This was a vital aspect of medical care).
- Hippocratic Oath- a promise that states doctors must do no harm to their patients {STILL USED TODAY}
- Hippocratic collection of books- these were books he wrote based on medical knowledge (First detailed list of symptoms and treatments).
- The Four Humours led to natural treatment such as:
- Purging
- Bleeding
- Leeches [BLOODLETTING]
- Laxatives
- Hot drinks
6
Q
Who would you go to in the Medieval Era to get yourself treated?
A
- Barber Surgeons
- Wise Women
- Apothecaries
- University Trained Doctor
7
Q
How did Islamic ideas help Disease and Infection?
A
- Hospitals were intended to treat patients and not simply care for them.
- Qu ‘ran encouraged scholars to find cures.
- The belief in the Four Humours- translated into Arabic. Natural treatments available - bloodletting.
- Clinical Observations and recording of symptoms.
8
Q
What medical treatments could you expect in the Renaissance?
“Kings Evil” Scrofula:
A
- People still had a lot of faith in the royal touch to cure the skin disease of Scrofula.
- 3000 people a year would touch King Charles II.
9
Q
What medical treatments could you expect in the Renaissance?
Barber Surgeons and Wise Women:
A
- Barber Surgeons gave haircuts and performed small operations.
- Wise Women used herbal remedies, superstition and prayers.
10
Q
What medical treatments could you expect in the Renaissance?
Quack Medicine:
A
- “Quacks” were unprofessional, but were very popular.
* They made everything up.
11
Q
What medical treatments could you expect in the Renaissance?
Thomas Sydenham:
A
- He made observations.
- He was an English doctor- He was the English Hippocrates.
- He still used bloodletting.
- He still believed in the Four Humours.
- He was famous for discovering the symptoms for Scarlet Fever and classifying illness and medicines correctly such as iron for anaemia.
12
Q
What medical treatments could you expect in the Renaissance?
Nicolas Culpepper:
A
- He was an English doctor.
- His book was called “The Complete Herbal” [1653].
- He used plants and astrology in his treatments.
- He was highly critical of bloodletting and purging.
- Along with traditional herbal remedies, quack medicine flourished.
13
Q
Edward Jenner:
Who was he and what did he do?
A
- He was an apprentice to a country surgeon from age 13 to 19, then went on to study in London with John Hunter.
- He returned to Gloucestershire as a country doctor in 1772.
- In 1798, he published a book on vaccination.
- Jenner was honoured by being appointed physician extraordinary to King George IV in 1821.
- He called his cowpox inoculation technique “vaccination”, based on the Latin word for cow [vacca].
- Jenner published his findings in 1798 for vaccination, but he could not explain how vaccination worked, which made it difficult for others to accept it.
14
Q
Louis Pasteur:
Who was he and what did he do?
A
- 1857- asked by the French Government to find out what was making a company’s beetroot alcohol go sour. He concluded that gems were harming the liquid, and they did the same to milk and beer.
- Pasteur then looked for ways to solve the problem. He killed the bacteria he founded by gently heating the liquid. He used the same technique with beer and milk. He had invented a process called “Pasteurisation”- it was a huge step forward in keeping liquids free from germs and safe to drink.
- Pasteur was now convinced that the germs were coming from the air around him. He tried to prove the idea of “Spontaneous Generation” wrong. He used two glass containers and put liquid in each. Then he boiled it to kill all the germs.
- He heated the spout on one of the flasks until it started to melt. Then he bent it into a curvy shape. He claimed that the liquid in the flask with the bent tube would last for years and not turn sour.
- Pasteur said that the bend in the spout would stop the movement of air. He said that the germs in the air would settle in the lowest part of the curve and wouldn’t reach the liquid.
- He argued that the liquid in the other flask would soon go bad. He said that the straight spout would allow germs to get to the liquid easily.
- Everything Pasteur said was correct. He had proved that germs did not come alive on their own. Germs will only be found in places they are able to reach. They infect things and turn them bad! The theory of “Spontaneous Generation” was dead.
- In 1861, he published his “Germ Theory”. But he had other ideas. In 1865, he got to test his theory that disease in animals is caused by germs.
- The French Silk Industry was being ruined by a disease that was killing their silkworms (the caterpillars that spin silk). •Through a series of experiments, he proved that they were dying of a disease called Pébrine and it was being spread by a living organism -a germ- in the air!
- [SOMETHING THAT HE DID NOT DO WAS LOOK AT HOW GERMS AFFECTED PEOPLE].
15
Q
Louis Pasteur:
PART ONE
A
- Brewing industry- was asked by the French Government to investigate why a company’s beetroot was turning sour.
- Pasteurisation (method to kill germs in liquids).
- Flask experiment.
- In 1861, he publishes Germ Theory.
- Suffers a stroke, loses his daughter, stops working BUT has not found out how germs affect humans.
