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High yield step 1 > Disease/Important associations > Flashcards

Disease/Important associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to suamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer ( increase intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric secretion

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions ( Chrohn disease)

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis) vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan syndrome ( idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia and confusion_

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. Pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis ( newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus/E.Coli (newborns), S.pneumoniae? Neisseria meningitidis (kids)

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14
Q

Benign Melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus ( most common in 1st two decades)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with DpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome ( defect in platelet adhesion to von willebrand factor)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis greater than astrocytoma ( including glioblastoma multiforme) greater than meningioma greater than schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial : crainiopharyngioma

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma ( in postmenopausal women)

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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac 1 tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis ( nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, primary myxoma ( 4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

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25
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation ( associated with high risk of emboli)

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26
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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27
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis ( type I: postmenopausal women; type II: elderly man or woman)

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29
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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30
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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31
Q

Congenital conjuagted hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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32
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world) ; SLE (developed world)

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33
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD greater than RCA greater than LCA

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34
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/hypothyroidsim

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35
Q

Cushing syndrome

A
  • Iatrogenic Cushing (from corticosteroid therapy)
  • Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
  • ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
  • Paraneoplastic Cushing (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
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36
Q

Cyanosis ( early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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37
Q

Cyanosis ( late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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38
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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39
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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40
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts

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41
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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42
Q

DIC

A

severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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43
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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44
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum ( diagnosed by barium swallow)

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45
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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46
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S)

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47
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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48
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

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49
Q

Gynecologic maliganancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma ( most common in U.S); cervical carcinoma ( most common worldwide)

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50
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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51
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral greater than aortic ( rheumatic fever, tricuspid ( IV drug abuse)

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52
Q

Helminth infection ( U.S.)

A

Enterobius vermiculars, Ascaris lumbrioides

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53
Q

Hematoma-epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery ( trauma; lentiform shaped)

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54
Q

Hematoma- subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins ( crescent shaped_

55
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusion or hereditart HFE mutation ( can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes” and increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

56
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hep B and C and with alcholism)

57
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

58
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome ( benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

59
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative c olitis, psoriatic arthritis

60
Q

HLA-DR3 or DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

61
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regugitation

62
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood statis

A

Virchow triad ( results in venous thrombosis)

63
Q

Hypertension, 2ndary

A

Renal disease

64
Q

Hypoparathyoidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroid dectomy

65
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

66
Q

Infection 2 to blood transfusion

67
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staph aureus, E. Coli, Aspergillus ( catalase +)

68
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

69
Q

Kidney stones

A

Calcium = radiopaque
Struviate (ammonium)_radiopaque ( formed by urease + organism such as proteus vulgaris or staph
Uric acid - radiolucent

70
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrect left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger syndrom ( cause by ASD, CSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

71
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcholic cirrhosis

72
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher disease

73
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

74
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

75
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

76
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate,breast greater than lung greater than thyroid

77
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung greater than breast greater that geniturinary greater than melanoma greater than GI

78
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Collon way greater than stomach, pancreas

79
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

80
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

82
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

83
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

84
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

85
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

86
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E.coli, pseudomonas aeurginosa

87
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

88
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

89
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

90
Q

Osteomyelitis

91
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

92
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. Aureus

93
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

94
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

95
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenomcarcinoma

96
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallsones, alcohol

97
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

98
Q

Patients with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child, CLL: Adult > 60, AML: adult - 65, CML: adult 30-60

99
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

100
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t (9:22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML ( may sometimes be associated with ALL.AML)

101
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic”adenoma

102
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45 XO)

103
Q

primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multople myeloma

104
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

105
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, Hyperplasia, carcinoma

106
Q

primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma ( chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a1-antitrypsin deficiency)

107
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

108
Q

Recurrent inflammation.thrombosis of small//medium vessels in extremities

A

Beurger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

109
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma:associated with von hippel-lindau and cigarette smoke; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

110
Q

Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

111
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop

A

Increased ventricular filling ( left to right shunt, mitral regurgiation, LV failure (CHF)

112
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

113
Q

2ndary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

114
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chylamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

115
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

116
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

117
Q

Sites of atherosclerois

A

Abdominal aorta> coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

118
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

119
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancrease)

120
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 actvation)

121
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)

122
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

123
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

124
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)

125
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

126
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

127
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

128
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

129
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

130
Q

Type of Hodgkin

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. Mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominancy, lymphocytic depletion)

131
Q

type of non-hodgkin

A

Diffuse large cell

132
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staph saprophyticus (young women)

133
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

134
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body store only 3 to 4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

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