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Geographical debates > Disease Dilemmas > Flashcards

Disease Dilemmas Flashcards

1
Q

What are infectious diseases?

A

Diseases that are spread by pathogens and such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

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2
Q

What are non-infectious diseases?

A

Diseases which are not spread from host to host and are caused by external factors such as lifestyle or genetic inheritance (can also be referred to as degenerative diseases and non-communicable diseases)

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3
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A

Able to be passed directly form one host to another

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4
Q

What is a non-contagious disease?

A

Not readily transmitted from one host to another

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5
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another, directly or indirectly

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6
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease not capable of being spread from one host to another

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7
Q

What are the type of NCDs?

A

-Cardiovascular
-Cancer
-Chronic respiratory
-Diabetes

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8
Q

What is an endemic?

A

Present at a continuous level throughout a population/geographic area

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9
Q

What is a an epidemic?

A

A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease

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10
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

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11
Q

What is a zootonic disease?

A

A disease communicable from animals to humans under natural conditions; also know as zoonosis

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12
Q

What is morbidity?

A

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group

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13
Q

What is a vector?

A

A third party organism that carries and transmits a communicable disease

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14
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes a disease

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15
Q

What is a bacteria?

A

-Living organism
-Unicellular (one cell)
-Larger than virus (1000nm)
-Usually treated with antibiotics

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16
Q

What is a virus?

A

-Not living, no cells
-smaller than bacteria (20-300nm)
-Means poison in latin
-Antibiotics will not effect the disease

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17
Q

What is a fungi?

A

-Fungi are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts, molds and mushrooms
-Belong to a single kingdom called Fungi
-Only few fungi species cause diseases to
human and plans
-Certain lung! species have commercial
values (ex: yeast mushrooms etc.)
-Yeast, moulds and mushrooms

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18
Q

What is a parasite?

A

-Parasites are organisms that live on or in a host organism and get foods at the expense of its host
-Belong to several Kingdoms including
Bacteria, Protista, Fungi and Animalia
-All parasites cause injuries or disease to their host
-Do not have a commercial value
-Bacteria, virus, worms: flukes tapeworm and Foundworm, some fungi Species, and arthropods: ticks, lice, etc

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19
Q

What is a degenerative disease?

A

Degenerative diseases are the result of a continuous process based ondegenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time, whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits

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20
Q

What would cause an increase in the transmission of zootonic diseases?

A

-Movement of infected animals is unrestricted by physical barriers (e.g. mountain ranges), or in the case of domestic animals, political boundaries
-Controls on the movement of diseased domestic animals within countries are ineffective
-Urbanisation creates suitable habitats for animals
-Vaccination of pets and domestic livestock is sparse
-There is limited control within urban areas of feral dogs, cats, pigeons and other animals
-Hygiene and sanitation are poor, infrastructure is lacking; drinking water is contaminated by animal faeces, blood and saliva
-Man-made habitats (e.g. surface pools, ponds) encourage insect vectors to breed
-There is prolonged contact between humans and animals, e.g. poultry farms and avian flu, cattle farming and anthrax.
-Poverty and high population density contribute to humans and farm animals living in close contact

21
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Total number of cases in a population at a particular time

22
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases in a population during a particular time period

23
Q

What is the global distribution of malaria?

A

-Heavily concentrated in Africa, Latin America, South Asia and Southeast Asia
-In 2018, 220m were infected
-3.2b are at risk in 97 countries

24
Q

What is the global distribution of tuberculosis?

A

-In 2018 there were over 10 million cases of TB worldwide and 1.5m deaths
-Present in all global regions , though 95% of deaths occur in low and middle income countries
-Africa has by far the highest number of TB deaths, with a large proportion of HIV/AIDS sufferers
-Mortality rates from TB in 2018 were 64/100,000 in Nigeria and 72/100,000 Mozambique
-Outside Africa, TB mortality rates are high in many parts of Asia, and especially in Afghanistan, Myanmar and Cambodia

25
Q

What is the global distribution of HIV/AIDS?

A

-In 2020, 38m people were infected with HIV/AIDS worldwide
-Global distribution of the disease is highly uneven
-Main concentration of the disease is in Sub-Saharan Africa
-South Africa have the largest numbers of HIV/AIDS cases, while in Switzerland and Lesotho more than a quarter of the population carry the disease

26
Q

What is the global distribution of diabetes?

A

-Globally the disease afflicts nearly 400m people and it is responsible for nearly 4.2 m deaths annually
-Widespread in both the developed and less developed world but it is mostly concentrated in North America, East and South Asia

27
Q

What is the global distribution of CVD?

A

-CVD is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in ageing populations in high-income countries
-Highest CVD mortality rates are found in Russia, sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula
-CVD is responsible for 17 million deaths a year, with 80% occurring in low and middle income countries

28
Q

What are the 4 Hagerstrands models of diffusion?

A

-Expansion diffusion
-Relocation diffusion
-Contagious diffusion
-Hierarchical diffusion

29
Q

What is expansion diffusion?

A

-Infection spreads out from source in all directions from point of origin
-Expanding disease diffuses outwards into new areas
-The disease often intensifies in the originating area
-E.g.
-1918 Spanish Flu killed an estimated 40 million people worldwide within just a few months
-Also the H1N1 swine flu virus from Mexico

30
Q

What is relocation diffusion?

A

-Infection spreads into a new area, leaving behind its origin or source of the disease
-E.g.
-Cholera epidemic in Haiti in 2010, which killed 7000 people. The disease originated in Nepal and was brought to Haiti by international aid workers flown in to tackle the earthquake disaster of that year
-

31
Q

What is contagious diffusion?

A

-Infection is spread through direct contact
-Individual hosts carrying the disease pass it on to new contacts
-Strongly influenced by distance, nearby individuals/regions have much higher probability of contact than remote ones
-Contagious spread tends to occur in a centrifugal manner from the source region outward
-E.g.
-The Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014-2015 is a classic example of contagious diffusion

32
Q

What is hierarchical diffusion?

A

-The infection spreads down through a particular system
-Spreads through an ordered sequence of classes or places
-E.g. from cities to large urban areas to small urban areas
-E.g.
-HIV/AIDS in USA appeared first in San Francisco and then major cities such as L.A./ New York then spread to smaller cities and then towns.

33
Q

How can diseases be spread?

A

-Crowded living + working conditions
-Inadequate sanitation
-Unclean water supplies
-Inadequate nutrition> too little or too much!
-Low income> no medical help, no resources [e.g. soap/household cleaners, mosquito net/repellent, antiseptic cream etc.
-Long working hours
-Physically exhausting work
-Lack of or inaccessible health care
-Exposure to health risks at work as legislation is not enforced
-Inadequate education, e.g. HIV/AIDS sufferers not understanding the concept of safe sex
-Movement of people, increasing due to globalisation

34
Q

What is the neighbourhood effect?

A

Probability of contact between a carrier and non carrier is determined by the number of people in a 5x5km square. More people = higher probability

35
Q

What is meant by barriers of diffusion?

A

Barriers which limit the spread of disease and can be physical or socio-economic

36
Q

What are the physical barriers to diffusion?

A

-Neighbourhood effect
-Island or land borders
-Transport links are poor
-Physical geographic barriers (terrain, climate, rivers, water, distance)
-Trade
-Quarantine
-Communication

37
Q

What are the socio-economic barriers to diffusion?

A

-Poverty/wealth
-Class separation
-Treatments
-Migration
-Social boundaries (personal space)

38
Q

What are the factors that have hindered reduction in incidence of disease?

A

-Social stigma
-Social stigma/fear
-Culture/religion
-Multiple use of water source
-Over-use of pesticides
-Medication side-effects
-Cost
-Poverty/inequality
-Poor education
-Low status of women
-Food source
-Globalization

39
Q

How does temperature and precipitation effect the global pattern of disease?

A

-Many diseases including malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and sleeping sickness whose epidemiology depends on warm, humid conditions , are endemic to the tropics and subtropics
-Temperature determines rates of vector development and behaviour as well as viral replication
-Precipitation creates aquatic habitats such as ponds and stagnant pools, which allow insects and disease vectors to flourish and complete their life cycles

40
Q

How does relief and water effect the global pattern of disease?

A

-Altitude causes abrupt changes in climate and disease habitat
-Thus in Ethiopia, malaria is concentrated in the humid lowlands but is largely absent in the cooler highlands
-In the developing world, millions of people rely on water from wells and surface supplies contaminated by sewage
-Bacteria responsible for cholera and other infectious diseases thrive in these conditions
-Unprotected and stagnant drinking water supplies also provide habitats for disease vectors e.g. copepod vectors which transmit the parasitical disease Guinea worm to humans in West Africa

41
Q

How can physical factors influence vectors of disease?

A

-Dengue fever is widespread in the tropics
-Annually it affects around 400m people and is responsible for 25,000 deaths
-Climate controls dengue fever epidemiology and the life cycle of Aede mosquitoes that transmit the dengue virus to humans
-Mosquitoes thrive in warm, humid conditions, which in turn favours the outbreak of dengue
-In the south pacific sustained temperatures of more than 32’C and humidity levels of above 95% trigger waves of dengue epidemic
-These conditions occur in the summer months , but short-term weather changes and exceptional rainfall events can also lead to outbreaks of the disease

42
Q

How do seasonal variances influence the outbreak of disease?

A

-In temperate regions in the northern hemisphere, epidemics of influenza, a contagious respiratory illness peak in the winter months
-Transmission of the flu virus is most efficient at lower temperatures and atmospheric humidity is low (winter)
-In the tropics and sub-tropics , vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, flies, ticks, fleas and worms often reach a peak during the rainy season e.g. diarrhoeal disease in South Asia surges in pre-monsoon and end of monsoon periods when fly populations are the highest
-Sand flies which transmit the protozoan causing leishmaniasis to humans, are most abundant in the rainy season when infection peaks

43
Q

How did climate change trigger the WNV in Uganda and what were the effects?

A

-Warmer and wetter conditions have favoured the conditions the growth and spread of mosquitoes carrying tropical and sub tropical diseases
-WNV was first identified in Uganda in 1937 and was transmitted by culex mosquitoes
-Birds are the main hosts for the virus
-WNV is prevalent throughout Africa; in the Americas its range extends from Venezuela to Canada and it is also found in parts of Europe, West Asia and Austalia
-In 2012, 5500 cases of WNV were reported in the USA
-High temperatures favour transmission, hence Texas is one of the US states most severely affected

44
Q

How did climate change trigger sleeping sickness in Africa and what were the effects?

A

-Sleeping sickness is endemic in 36 sub-Saharan countries and affects 70m people
-It is transmitted to humans by the tsetse fly
-Outbreaks of the disease occur when avg temperatures are in the range 20.7-26.1’C
-Future climate change will affect the vectors growth rate and the geographical distribution of the disease
-As temperatures rise, sleeping sickness is likely to spread to southern Africa and according to WHO will affect up to 77m more people by 2090
-However the disease may disappear from East Africa where the climate may become too hot for tsetse larvae to survive

45
Q

When is the probability of zootonic diseases being transmitted to humans increased?

A

-The movement of infected wild animals is unrestricted by physical barriers, or in the case of domestic animals, political boundaries
-Controls on the movement of diseased domestic animals within countries are ineffective
-Urbanisation creates suitable habitats for animals such as foxes, raccoons and skunks
-Vaccination of pets and domestic livestock is sparse
-There is limited control within urban areas of feral dogs, cats, pigeons and other animals
-Hygiene and sanitation are poor; drinking water is contaminated by animal faeces, blood and saliva; man-made habitats encourage insect vectors to breed
-There is prolonged contact between humans and animals , e.g. poultry farms and avian flu , cattle farming and anthrax

46
Q

What is Abdel Omrans model of the epidemiological of transition?

A

Describes the relationship between development and changing patterns of population age distribution, mortality, fertility, life expectancy and causes of death. Changes are driven by improvements in health care, standards of living and the quality of the environment.

47
Q

What are the 3 epidemiological phases according to Omran?

A

-The age of pestilance and famine
-The age of receding pandmeics
-In post-industrial societies the rate of mortality slackens

48
Q
A

Geographical debates (2 decks)

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