Disease Dilemas

Question 1

Non infectious :

Answer 1

Not communicable , can be easily spread by lifestyle choices, nutritional deficiencies, cancers. I

Question 2

Non communicable:

Answer 2

Diseases cannot be passed between people.

Question 3

Contagious:

Answer 3

Subset of infections diseases caused by direct/indirect contact between people

Question 4

Non contagious:

Answer 4

A disease that can be spread by disease vectors such as mosquitoes and worms

Question 5

Communicable:

Answer 5

A disease which can spread

Question 6

Epidemic:

Answer 6

An outbreak of a disease that affects people many the same time in a restricted geographical location

Question 7

Endemic:

Answer 7

A disease that exists permanently in a geographical area or population group

Question 8

Infectious:

Answer 8

Spread by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. Most but notable an be transferred from one person to another,

Question 9

Pandemic:

Answer 9

An epidemic which spreads worldwide.

Question 10

Relocation diffusion:

Answer 10

When a disease migrates from its origin to new areas (e.g. Cholera)

Question 11

Hierarchical diffusion:

Answer 11

The spread of diseases from a large centre (e.g. Cities) to a small centre (e.g. Villages) for example HIVI

Question 12

Expansion diffusion:

Answer 12

Has on origin source which spreads to neighbouring sources.(TB)

Question 13

Contagious diffusion:

Answer 13

The diseases spread by direct contact with the carrier (e.g.Ebola)

Question 14

Mixed diffusion:

Answer 14

A combination of the four main types of disease se diffusion, and is the case for most diseases

Question 15

Network diffusion:

Answer 15

A disease that travels (inter)nationally, by train, boat, or plane for example

Question 16

Hägenstand model (assumptions):

Answer 16

Key ideas:
-proximity can increase/decrease risk of contracting a disease
-graph is ‘s’ shaped (gradual increase to exponential increase to levelling out)
- the progress of a disease maybe intercepted by physical barriers

Question 17

Name 4 physical barriers of disease:

Answer 17

-relief
- precipitation
- temperature
Water sources

Question 18

What are zoonotic diseases?

Answer 18

Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that are transmitted between species from animals to humans

Question 19

Name 6 socioeconomic barriers to disease:

Answer 19

1) lockdowns
2) vaccinations
3) closing borders
4) screening migrants
5) quarantine
6) cancelling public events

Question 20

Seasonal variations in disease: TROPICAL AREAS

Answer 20

• influenza activity during winter/ rainy season
• seasonality of influenza varies with latitude
• no link with environmental conditions (influenza and the rainy season)
• influenza: 1 million deaths per year

Question 21

Seasonal variations: EL NIÑO

Answer 21

-high pressure systems where high temp water rises around the equator (leads to flooding (monsoon season = extreme drought) in Africa and Indonesia and dry season in southern USA)
- heavy rainfall results in high risk of vector borne diseases such as malaria

Question 22

Seasonal variations: DROUGHT AND AIR QUALITY

Answer 22

-worsens chronic diseases (respiratory disease)
-air borne toxins
- can increase forest fires
-haze pollution (Singapore August-November 1997 as a result of prevailing winds)

Question 23

Seasonal variations: MONSOONS

Answer 23

-brings swarms of u wanted and harmful viruses and diseases (Malaria, Dengue fever, Typhoid)
-flooding and still water are breeding grounds for mosquitoes which prevent the eradication of malaria
-poor sanitation and flooding increase the amount of disease (contaminated water sources)

Question 24

Seasonal variations: HEATWAVE UK 2003

Answer 24

-2000 deaths
-CET (central England temp) increases by 8 degrees from average values of 1997-2000
-in London, 59% of deaths were of those over the age of 75

Question 25

Seasonal variations: COLD WINTER UK 2012-13

Answer 25

-majority of deaths were of those over the age of 75 -more severe strains of influenza -no. respiratory diseases e.g. heart attacks increased due to the cold which lead to thicker blood and then blood clots

Question 26

Seasonal variations: DROUGHT WATER SOURCES

Answer 26

-viruses and bacteria can pollute both ground and surface water when rainfall decreases -ecoli and salmonella can more easily contaminate food (bacteria during drought) -respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses are more easily contracted -when hygiene is not maintained, the risk of infectious diseases are higher during water shortages -crops grown with contaminated water host infectious diseases

Question 27

Factors of zoonotic diseases:

Answer 27

-the movement of infected animals is unrestricted by the physical barriers -controls on the movement of animals within countries are ineffective -urbanisation creates suitable habitats for animals such as foxes, raccoons and skunks -vaccination of pets and domestic livestock is sparse -there is limited control within urban areas of feral dogs, cats, pigeons and other animals -hygiene and sanitation is poor -there is prolonged contact between humans and animals (e.g. poultry farms, cattle farming and anthrax)

Question 28

ACs: what do they mean?

Answer 28

ACs are countries which share a number of important economic development characteristics including well developed financial markets, high degrees of financial intermediation and diversified economic structures with rapidly growing service sectors.

Question 29

LIDCs: what do they mean?

Answer 29

LIDCs are countries which are eligible for the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) from the IMF

Question 30

What does IMF stand for?

Answer 30

International Monetary Fund

Question 31

What are the 4 ages of the Epidemiological Transition Model?

Answer 31

1. The Age of pestilence and famine (all countries have passed this stage) 2. The Age of receding pandemics (LIDCs today) 3. Post industrial societies (emerging economies such as Brazil and China) 4. The Age of degenerative diseases (some ACs)