Disease Diagnosis Flashcards
Why is making a correct diagnosis so hard? Justify your answer.
Accurate diagnosis is challenging because the interactions of the human body are extremely complicated; each new patient presents a unique challenge and their diagnosis contains nuances variability and uncertainty at eery step
The steps of the diagnostic process fall into three broad categories. What are these 3 categories?
- Initial assessment: evaluations of patient’s history, physical exam, evaluation of patient’s chief complaints and symptoms, forming a differential diagnosis, and ordering of diagnostic tests.mmmmm
- Testing: performance, interpretations, and communication of test results
- Referral, consultation, treatment & follow-up
Explain why it is so important to obtain a detailed patient history before diagnosing and treating a patient.
Treating healthcare professionals must be aware of the patient’s past medical experience to provide the most effective and safe treatment. Specifically, edial history provides insights into the patient’s drug history (eg ediation); social history (lifestyle habits); travel history for infectious diseases; and past syptos and oorbidity
What does the acronym SOCRATES stand for
*provide a structural framework for taking a medical history.
Site
Onset
Character
Radiation
Associated symptoms
Timing
Exarcebating and relieving factors
Severity
What are some of the questions a GP might ask a patient when they first meet them for a doctor consult? Why are these questions so important to ask before developing a diagnosis?
- isual inspetion *Palpatations (feel) *Perussion (tapping) *Ausulation (listen)
Explain what it is to form a differential diagnosis and when you would do this
A differential diagnosis translates to 1+ possibilities for a diagnosis The physician must perform rely on seeral lab tests the patient’s edial history and syptos to determine the ost aurate diagnosis prognosis and treatment plan
Describe why we need diagnostic testing
*Diagnostic testing provides valuable information about an indiidual’s health status that aids in aurate and effeteie diagnosis * Proide objetie biological data that aids monitoring and assessment of disease state and progression
Explain what urinalysis is and why this type of testing is necessary
*determines urine content to search for evidence of drug abuse, metabolic disorders,, and kidney diseases
* provides valuable information to support accurate diagnosis
What are the 3 types of Urinalysis?
- Complete: performed in lab setting to assess physical, chemical, and microscopic urine characteristics
- Rapid: performed at GP’s office using test strips to check for common renal abnormalities
- 24hr collection: of urine over a 24-hour period to provide greater clarity on overall renal function
When a patient provides a urine test, what are the pathologists looking for in a Macroscopic Examination, Chemical Analysis and Microscopic examination?
- arosopi: eainse physical properties of urine (colours clarity *Cheial: test strips impregnated with reatie heials detect heial abnormalities in urine is colour change) *irosopi: bacteria fungi parasites
Describe what a blood test is and the normal values and importance of the common blood tests.
Evaluate how well organs—such as the kidneys, liver, thyroid, and heart—are working
Diagnose diseases and conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, anaemiaand coronary heat disease
Find out whether you have risk factors for heart disease
Check whether medicines you’re taking are working
Assess how well your blood is clotting
For many blood substances, the normal range is the range of levels seen in 95percent of healthy people in a certain group. For many tests, normal ranges vary depending on age, gender, race, and other factors.
Blood test results may fall outside the normal range for many reasons. Abnormal results might be a sign of a disorder or disease. Other factors—such as diet, menstrual cycle, physical activity level, alcohol intake, and medicines (both prescription and over the counter)—also can cause abnormal results
Explain the differences between a complete blood count (CBC), red blood cell count (RBC), a White blood cell count, platelets, hemoglobin and hemocrit.
CBC:
Critically analyse the use of faecal transplants.
Pros: - highly effective treatment of diff - preliminary evidence suggesting efficacy in treating IBS obesity metabolic syndrome - current literature supports safety indicating small numbers of adverse events een in paediatric patients - alternative to antibiotics = contributing to stalling AR resistance
Ons: short-term risks attributable to ode of fees administration (endsopy): transient diarrhoea abodinal pain/raps bloating flatulent and constipation - small risk of infection ia infected stool donations- theoretical possibility of increasing risk of certain non-infetious conditions (obesity insulin resistance and other etaboli disorders)
What is a faecal analysis and list the three different stool analysis procedures they are divided into?
A faeal analysis onsists of a seriors of tests to analyse a faease saple for differential diagnosis of certain diseases pertaining to the digestive system The procedures are: Physical (colour, consistency quantity odour uous); heial (feal oult blood feal ph, feal fat feal urobilinogen fecal osmotic gap)
Know the clinical significance of stool analysis including urgent stool testing,
Diagnosis of infectious diseases of the digestie systes: Bacteria, parasites, virus, and fungi.
Diagnosis of pancreas disorders (inflammation); which associated with malabsorption of nutrients.
Primary screening test for some types of digestive system malignancy such as: Colon cancer.
Primary screening test for peptic ulcer disease, and some types of anaemia.
