Disease definitions Flashcards
Acute Myocardial infarction
A part of the coronary arteries gets blocked by a clot creating a necrosing area of the heart. Arythmia is seens and pain signals are sent to the brain. Because important backflow and high pressure there is a risk of pulmonary oedema.
Unstable angina
Due to transiet formation of a non-occlusive thrombus
Stable Angina
A loss of coronary blood flow reserve due to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Precipitated by an increase in O2 demand (e.g. excercise). Tends to occurs when occlusion due to stenosis is more than 70%
Vasospastic angina
Reduction in O2 supply due to spasm of the coronary artery. Occurs at rest, often at night.
Mixed angina
unpredictable, occurs at different levels of exercise. Stenosis + spasm of arteries.
Microvascular angina
Microvasculature is constricted
Arrythmia
disturbance of the normal rythmic beating of the heart. The pacemaking is taken over by ‘latent pacemakers’ (AV node, bundle of his…) because they have ion channels required for phase 4 depolarisation. BUT it will beat more slowly than the SA node.
Complete 3rd degree heart block
blocked electrical connection between atria and ventricle. Does not cause heart to stop but it beats more slowly. Heart beat is being kept alive by distal pacemaker (e.g. AV node instead of SA node).
Tachyarrythmia
Occurs due to re-entry of conduction signal. One example is a wave of depolarisation going through purkinje fibres but because one of the branches has unidirectional block with slowed retrograde conduction (signal is able to travel back upwards), the signal will go back upwards and will cause a second depolarisation towards septum.
Atrial Fibrillation
Chaotic atrial rythm with rapid and irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm. No beating in an organized way with small depolarizations.
Ventricular tachycardia
A run of rapid successive ventricular beats caused by an ectopic site.
Ventricular fibrillation
Choatic and disorganized activity of the heart
Atherosclerosis
Progressive disease affecting tunica intima of elastic and muscular arteries. Lipid core covered by a fibrous cap
Monckeber’s medial sclerosis
Calcification of the tunica media of muscular arteries.
Arteriolosclerosis
Hyaline thickening of the walls of small arteries and arterioles
Acute Heart failure
Cardiogenic shock
Plural effusion
buildup of fluid in the lung pleura
Pneumothorax
lung is deflated, away from the chest wall.
Chest wall diseases
prevents lung expansion due to peural thickening.
Interstital lung diseases
interstital inflammation, fibrosis. Impared gas exchange
Pulmunary fibrosis
Proliferation of mesenchymal cells, collagen deposition. May be due to abnormal epithelial repair.
Sarcoidosis
Multi-system granulomatous disease.
Kyphoscoliosis
Combination of kyphosis (extensive curvature of spine) and scoliosis (excesive lateral curvature of spine)
Asthma
Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Defined by an inflammatory response with tissue remodelling (epithelial damage, thickening, mucous gland hypertrophy…)Due to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to inhaled antigens. There is mucous cell metaplasia, thickening of bronchail wall.
Acute asthma attack
Separated into different levels depending on percentage of normal peak flow, pa02
Pneumonia
Infection from bacteria of the respiratory systems causing alveoli filling with pus. There is a leak of fluids from vascular into the lungs fmdue to inflammation. Usually leaves no residual damage. Causes impared gas exchange.
Nocardia
pneumonia with cavitations and abscesses, empyema or inflammatory. nodules on skin
Type I resp failure
Difined as an imparement of gas exchange within the lung causing hypoxia. VQ mismath, impared diffusion (e.g. pulmunary fibrosis), alveolar hypoventilation (e.g. guillaume barre), low oxygen partial pressure atmosphere (altitude), anatomical shunt (e.g. lobar pneumonia)
Type II resp failure
Defined as an imparement of the pumping mechanism of the lung causing hypercapnia. It is an imbalance of the lung load, capacity and drive relationship (see slides for more)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmunary disease
Narrowing of the airways and mucous hypersecretion. Inflammatory response increases proteolytic enzymes which destroy alveolar tissue -> emphysema. Loss of elastic recoil. This eventually causes lung hyperinflation -> patients breath very close to their TLC so cannot increase their ventilation (L/min). Breathlessness is caused by an increased resp load and reduced muscle pump capacity leading to increased neural drive for breaths.
Acute COPD exacerbation
Acute worst ending of respiratory symptoms of COPD. increased airway inflammation, mucous production, increased gas trapping. Caused by an sudden increased in inflammatory response in airways. Can be emphysema, chronic bronchitis or both at the same time.
Delirium tremens
Can carry on for 7 days. First 2 days are crucial. GABA-A receptor activity is increased by alcohol. In chronic consumption, these receptors become desensitized. glutamate transmission increases. when you remove alcohol, you get insufficient gaba and excessive glutamate.
G overdose
G is a GABA analogue and binds to GABA-B receptors to decrease GABA release.
Heroin overdose
Mu opioid receptors are overstimulated, which slows resp drive. Note this can happen at normal doses for that person (not an over dose). illicit opiates can change in potency, or some other condition can worsen reaction like COPD.
Delirium
Acute brain failure. Very bad outcomes. Neurotransmitter related with cholinergic defficiency. Sometimes it is not fully curable and patients don’t fully recover.
Shift work disorder
Long term consequences of this is mood disorder, CV risk, cancer chances increase)
REM Parasomnias
Puts you at risk of parkinson’s and dementia
Acute Kidney Injury (pre renal)
180L of filtrate produced everyday by kidneys. In AKI, something prevents the arteries leading to the kidney to be blocked or reduced blood flow causing lower volume to the kidneys
Hyponatraemia
Loss of Na in system means that loss of osmotic gradient so water moves into the cells and raises intercranial pressures.
Hypernatraemia
Results from water losses or hypertonic Na gain.
Hypokalaemia
K is mostly stored in cells, used to generate conc gradients and action potentials.
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium. Can be fibrin our (dry) or effusive (purulent)
