Disease And Sugery - Up To The 1920s Flashcards
What were the four humours?
A historical belief in bodily fluids affecting health: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
The four humours were thought to influence physical and mental health.
What is miasma theory?
The belief that diseases were caused by bad smells or ‘bad air’
Miasma theory was a common explanation for illness before germ theory was accepted.
What did Pasteur demonstrate with his swan neck flask experiment?
Microorganisms can be prevented from contaminating broth when the flask is sealed
This experiment was crucial in disproving spontaneous generation.
In what year did Pasteur publish germ theory?
1878
Germ theory established that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases.
What vaccines did Pasteur develop?
- Anthrax vaccine
- Rabies vaccine
He developed these vaccines by using weakened or dead cultures of the pathogens.
What was Lister’s significant contribution to surgery?
The introduction of carbolic spray as an antiseptic
Lister’s methods greatly reduced infections during surgery.
What was the outcome of Lister’s treatment of an 11-year-old boy?
The boy made a full recovery after treatment with carbolic acid
This case highlighted the effectiveness of antiseptics in surgery.
What was a downside of Lister’s carbolic spray?
It caused irritation to doctors’ hands and made surgical tools slippery
This increased the duration of surgeries and risk of blood loss.
What innovation did Koch develop for growing cultures?
Agar jelly and Petri dishes
Koch’s methods were essential for microbiological research.
What microorganism did Koch discover in 1883?
Cholera
This discovery was pivotal in understanding infectious diseases.
Who discovered X-rays and in what year?
Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895
X-rays revolutionized medical imaging and diagnostics.
What advancement in X-ray technology did Marie Curie achieve?
Small transportable X-rays in 1914
This allowed for better accessibility of X-ray technology in various settings.
What significant discovery did Alexander Fleming make in 1928?
Penicillin
Penicillin became the first widely used antibiotic.
When did Florey and Chain begin working on penicillin?
1939
Their work made penicillin a practical treatment for bacterial infections.
What were the primary methods of pain relief before the 1840s?
- Alcohol
- Opium
Very few patients were awake and in pain during surgeries.
What was a drawback of ether as an anesthetic?
It was irritating to the lungs, causing coughing and writhing
Ether was used for anesthesia despite its side effects.
What was a significant advantage of chloroform as an anesthetic?
Very effective and does not irritate the lungs
Chloroform became popular after Queen Victoria used it during childbirth.
Fill in the blank: Chloroform can cause _______ after sustained use.
liver damage
Awareness of side effects led to discussions about safe anesthetic practices.
When did Pasteur create the idea of germ theory
1861
Pasteur and Koch combined work to create what vaccine and when?
Anthrax in 1881
When did lister create the carbolic spray?
1865
When did Koch first identify microorganisms by dying them?
1882
Why created the steam steriliser and when?
Koch in 1878
Who created the first X-ray and when?
Röntgen in 1895
