Disease And Sugery - Up To The 1920s

Question 1

What were the four humours?

Answer 1

A historical belief in bodily fluids affecting health: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile

The four humours were thought to influence physical and mental health.

Question 2

What is miasma theory?

Answer 2

The belief that diseases were caused by bad smells or ‘bad air’

Miasma theory was a common explanation for illness before germ theory was accepted.

Question 3

What did Pasteur demonstrate with his swan neck flask experiment?

Answer 3

Microorganisms can be prevented from contaminating broth when the flask is sealed

This experiment was crucial in disproving spontaneous generation.

Question 4

In what year did Pasteur publish germ theory?

Answer 4

1878

Germ theory established that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases.

Question 5

What vaccines did Pasteur develop?

Answer 5

• Anthrax vaccine
• Rabies vaccine

He developed these vaccines by using weakened or dead cultures of the pathogens.

Question 6

What was Lister’s significant contribution to surgery?

Answer 6

The introduction of carbolic spray as an antiseptic

Lister’s methods greatly reduced infections during surgery.

Question 7

What was the outcome of Lister’s treatment of an 11-year-old boy?

Answer 7

The boy made a full recovery after treatment with carbolic acid

This case highlighted the effectiveness of antiseptics in surgery.

Question 8

What was a downside of Lister’s carbolic spray?

Answer 8

It caused irritation to doctors’ hands and made surgical tools slippery

This increased the duration of surgeries and risk of blood loss.

Question 9

What innovation did Koch develop for growing cultures?

Answer 9

Agar jelly and Petri dishes

Koch’s methods were essential for microbiological research.

Question 10

What microorganism did Koch discover in 1883?

Answer 10

Cholera

This discovery was pivotal in understanding infectious diseases.

Question 11

Who discovered X-rays and in what year?

Answer 11

Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895

X-rays revolutionized medical imaging and diagnostics.

Question 12

What advancement in X-ray technology did Marie Curie achieve?

Answer 12

Small transportable X-rays in 1914

This allowed for better accessibility of X-ray technology in various settings.

Question 13

What significant discovery did Alexander Fleming make in 1928?

Answer 13

Penicillin

Penicillin became the first widely used antibiotic.

Question 14

When did Florey and Chain begin working on penicillin?

Answer 14

1939

Their work made penicillin a practical treatment for bacterial infections.

Question 15

What were the primary methods of pain relief before the 1840s?

Answer 15

• Alcohol
• Opium

Very few patients were awake and in pain during surgeries.

Question 16

What was a drawback of ether as an anesthetic?

Answer 16

It was irritating to the lungs, causing coughing and writhing

Ether was used for anesthesia despite its side effects.

Question 17

What was a significant advantage of chloroform as an anesthetic?

Answer 17

Very effective and does not irritate the lungs

Chloroform became popular after Queen Victoria used it during childbirth.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: Chloroform can cause _______ after sustained use.

Answer 18

liver damage

Awareness of side effects led to discussions about safe anesthetic practices.

Question 19

When did Pasteur create the idea of germ theory

Answer 19

1861

Question 20

Pasteur and Koch combined work to create what vaccine and when?

Answer 20

Anthrax in 1881

Question 21

When did lister create the carbolic spray?

Answer 21

1865

Question 22

When did Koch first identify microorganisms by dying them?

Answer 22

1882

Question 23

Why created the steam steriliser and when?

Answer 23

Koch in 1878

Question 24

Who created the first X-ray and when?

Answer 24

Röntgen in 1895