Disease and Production Measure of Animal Welfare

Question 1

a physical or mental condition where
normal function is disturbed or harmed

Answer 1

Disease

Question 2

—- production techniques can result in similar disruption to the normal functioning of the systems

Answer 2

Intensive (and excessive)

Question 3

Both —- have a mental elements because they provide — to the brain which can result in – (e.g. pain, fatigue) and — (e.g. fear resulting from physical weakness and vulnerability).

Answer 3

diseases and excessive production demands
sensory input
negative feelings
negative emotions

Question 4

Three approaches when considering animal welfare

Answer 4

Physical
Mental
Aspect of Naturalness

Question 5

Note that any significant compromise in physical functioning- because of diseases or
excessive production demands can affect the — of the animal. However, it may also affect the — of welfare by thwarting the performance of natural behaviours that are important to the animals.

Answer 5

metal state
third area

Question 6

The third area also be compromised by —- or by —-.
This review reminds us that while our professional focus will be primarily on animals
physical functioning and related feelings, we must always see our patients as a —

Answer 6

disease
excessive production demands
whole

Question 7

the study of disease.

Answer 7

PATHOLOGY

Question 8

Diseases are caused by infectious agents

Answer 8

-Prions
-Viruses
_Bacteria
-Fungi
-Parasites
(protozoa, helminths, insects)

Question 9

Not-infectious

Answer 9

-Metabolic
-Nutritional
-Neoplastic
-Autoimmune
-Genetic

Question 10

—- reduces welfare primarily because of the — that the animal experiences

Answer 10

Disease
negative feelings

Question 11

inability to compete for food

Answer 11

Thirst, nausea, hunger

Question 12

Secondary Problems

Answer 12

-Immobility
-Fatigue from immune response

Question 13

a particular concern with disease. Not all disease is —

Answer 13

Pain
painful

Question 14

Pain occurs because the — evaluates — from particular neural pathways as —

Answer 14

forebrain
sensory input
noxious

Question 15

Pain:
The relevant sensory input is either a —-
stimulus that is detected by specialised receptors (—-) at the end of particular types of —– sensory nerve fibres.

Answer 15

mechanical, thermal or chemical
nociceptors
myelinated and unmyelinated

Question 16

The noxious stimulus is transmitted to the —- of the — where it is ‘—’.

• The stimulus is then passed up the —- to the —-. There, the stimulus is consciously registered as —.

If the — is not functioning (e.g. because of anaesthesia or because the animal has been stunned), the animal does not feel pain, even though nociceptors are being stimulated and the rest of the pain pathway is functioning.

Answer 16

dorsal horn
spinal cord
processed

spinal cord
Cerebrum
pain

cerebrum

Question 17

Untreated pain can cause — of the —

Answer 17

sensitisation
pain pathway

Question 18

heightened perception of existing pain

Answer 18

Hyperalgesia

Question 19

pain response to a low-intensity, normally non-painful, stimulus

Answer 19

Allodynia

Question 20

Sensitisation of the – by an — may persist for several months

Answer 20

central nervous system
acute disease

Question 21

another significant cause of pain,

Answer 21

Parturition

Question 22

Parturition it is the result of — on the — during the birthing process

Answer 22

mechanical pressure
pelvis

Question 23

sickness behaviours, pain behaviours, e.g. lameness

Answer 23

Changes in behaviours

Question 24

pale mucous membranes, swollen limb, elevated body temperature, reduced production, etc

Answer 24

Physical changes

Question 25

body condition score, body weight, fertility measures, etc.

Answer 25

Production measures

Question 26

CLINICAL SIGNS

Answer 26

Changes in behaviours
Physical changes
Production measures

Question 27

haematocrit, biochemistry, urinalysis, faecal culture, histopathology

Answer 27

Laboratory tests:

Question 28

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

Answer 28

Laboratory tests

Question 29

You can measure the level of disease in a group of animals by estimating the —

Answer 29

incidence and prevalence

Question 30

the number of new cases in a fixed time period
divided by the number of animals at risk

Answer 30

Incidence

Question 31

Usually the period of study is chosen to be one year, in which case we speak of the —

Answer 31

annual incidence

Question 32

means the number of animals affected by the
disease at any point in time.

Answer 32

Prevalence

Question 33

Prevalence - You calculate it by dividing the
number of animals with the — by the number of —

Answer 33

disease
animals at risk

Question 34

When you inspect animals on a farm, you can assess — directly. However, you would need the — in order to estimate —

Answer 34

prevalence
farm records
incidence

Question 35

another area that farmers and the owners of
working animals will consult you about, because their livelihood depends on the productivity

Answer 35

Production

Question 36

Production (2)

Answer 36

Total output
Rate or frequency of production

Question 37

Total output

Answer 37

Milk
Litter size
Speed or weight carried (working animals)

Question 38

Rate or frequency of production

Answer 38

•Growth rate
•Calving-to-conception period (cows)
•Number of litters per year (pigs, sheep)

Question 39

— is a function of the animal’s genetics, nutrition, metabolism and management, and it may be modified by the presence of —- such as social instability, disease, chronic pain, fatigue, etc

Answer 39

production
stressors

Question 40

Loss of body condition because conversion of food intake into milk is not efficient

Answer 40

Metabolic exhaustion

Question 41

Markers of Production (5)

Answer 41

•Body condition score
•Body weight and carcass weight
•Average daily yield (milk)
•Litter size
•Measures of meat quality

Question 42

Markers of production

This is not to say that high production is an indicator of —-, as — have often prioritised production over other aspects of biology relevant to welfare.

However, a decrease in production below that expected, or below the average of the group, is often an indicator of a —.

Answer 42

good welfare
selection and management
welfare problem

Question 43

when we assess the ‘physical functioning’ aspect of welfare, we not only need to measure the outputs of disease and production, we also have to include —- that affect —-

Answer 43

welfare inputs
disease and production

Question 44

indicate production and disease levels with the group

Answer 44

welfare outputs

Question 45

Disruption of physical function

Answer 45

pathology