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Biology > Disease and immunity > Flashcards

Disease and immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens

A

Disease causing organisms

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2
Q

One type of disease and its meaning

A

Transmittable- passed from one person to another

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3
Q

Two ways in which pathogens are transmitted

A

Direct and indirect

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4
Q

Examples of direct contact

A

Infected blood, sneezing

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5
Q

Examples of indirect contact

A

Animals, water supply, contaminated food

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6
Q

two types of body defences

A

Chemical and mechanical

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7
Q

Examples of chemical defences

A

Stomach acid killing food bacteria, mucus produced by the airways that traps dust particles

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8
Q

Examples of mechanical defences

A

Nose hair to trap breathed in dust particles ,outer layer of the skin that prevents pathogens from entering

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9
Q

How do white blood cells produce defences

A

By phagocytes and lymphocytes

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10
Q

Describe the function of lymphocytes

A

Produce antibodies that stop pathogens from moving

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11
Q

What are antigens

A

A chemical found on the surface of a pathogen

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12
Q

Describe the function of phagocytes

A

Destroy bacteria by engulfing and killing them

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13
Q

Features of viruses

A

Protein coat, genetic material

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14
Q

How do antibodies attack pathogens

A

Antibodies bind to antigens preventing them from moving and allowing phagocytes to destroy them
Antibodies have complementary shapes which fit the antigen

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15
Q

How is active immunity gained

A

After an infection by antibody production

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16
Q

What is vaccination used for

A

To prevent and control the spread of diseases

17
Q

Role of vaccination in controlling the spread of disease

A

People with no vaccinations protected more due to higher immunity from people around

18
Q

Process of vaccination

A

Weakened pathogens
Antigens stimulating lymphocytes by an immune response to the pathogen
Memory cells produced for long term immunity

19
Q

Why is personal hygiene important

A

To prevent the spread of disease

20
Q

Role of correct food preparation

A

To kill bacteria and prevent contamination by filtering water

21
Q

Role of correct waste disposal

A

To not attract flies or other insects with mixed garbage

22
Q

Role of sewage treatment

A

For contaminated water

Biology (6 decks)

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