disease and immune system

Question 1

define disease

Answer 1

a condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism

Question 1

define pathogen

Answer 1

an organism that causes disease

these can include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protoctista

Question 2

give 3 examples of bacterium diseases

Answer 2

TB
bacterial meningitis
ring rot

Question 3

give 3 examples of viruses

Answer 3

HIV
influenza
tobacco mosaic virus

Question 4

give 3 examples of fungi

Answer 4

black sigatoka
ringworm
athlete’s foot

Question 5

give 2 examples of protoctist

Answer 5

potato/tomato late blight
malaria

Question 6

give 3 examples of direct transmission

Answer 6

direct contact
inoculation
indigestion

Question 7

give 3 examples of indirect transmission

Answer 7

vectors
droplets
fomites

Question 8

give 3 examples of different bacteria shapes

Answer 8

rod
spherical
comma

Question 9

summarise TB

Answer 9

infect humans, deers and badgers

suppresses immune system and damages lung tissue

treated by antibiotics and vaccinations

Question 10

summarise bacterial meningitisis

Answer 10

infects the brain and spreads through the body and can cause spetisima

vaccinations and antibiotics

Question 11

summarise ring rot

Answer 11

infects potatoes and tomatoes

gram positive bacteria

damages the leaves and fruit

Question 12

summarise viruses

Answer 12

smaller than bacteria

consist of only genetic material DNA/RNA

non-living

acellular

only replicate inside host cells

Question 13

summarise HIV structure

Answer 13

caspid (outer protein layer)

core (genetic material)

envelope (extra outer layer made out of lipids from host cell)

protein attachments (virus to attach to T helper cells)

Question 14

summarise HIV becoming a viral disease

Answer 14

uses attachment proteins to attach onto T helper cells

protein capsule fuses onto T cell helper membrane allowing RNA and enzyme to enter

enzyme will help to copy viral RNA into DNA

T helper cells make viral protiens

Question 15

summarise infleunza

Answer 15

infects ciliated cells in gaseous surfaces, kills cells and leads to secondary diseases/infection

elderly, children and low immunity are more at risk

Question 16

tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 16

damage to leaves (mosaic pattern), affect photosynthesis, affect growth

no cure, resistant pkant strain

Question 17

summarise malaria

Answer 17

mosquitoes (vectors) bite and take blood

reproduce sexually and asexually

infect blood cells, liver and brain

no vaccine or cure

Question 18

summarise potato blight

Answer 18

fungus like

hyphae enter plants and cause damage to leaves and fruit

no cure, resistant strain

Question 19

fungi

Answer 19

eukaryotes
mainly in plants
multicellular/ unicelullar
release enzymes which digest hosts tissue and feed of it

Question 20

summarise black sigotoka

Answer 20

infects bananas
hyphae cause damage to leaves, turn black, affect photosynthesis, affects plant growth
fungicides kill fungus
resistant strains developed

Question 21

summarise ring worm

Answer 21

white crusty surface on skin
itching and discomfort

Question 22

summarise athlete’s foot

Answer 22

humans only
ringworm
thrives in warm,damp regions
kin cracks
anti-fungal creams

Question 23

how do hot climates mkae transmission more likely

Answer 23

increased temperature more kinetic energy for chemical reactions and reproduction

Question 24

how does social factors make transmission more likely

Answer 24

fewer sewage treatemnts, poor sanitation, overcrowding, less medical help available

Question 25

give 2 examples of physical responses to pathogens that plants have

Answer 25

bark

waxy cuticle