disease and dilemmas Flashcards
infectious
anything that spreads through pathogens, bacteria, viruses, transmitted from person to person.
communicable
disease spreading through direct contact - can be used interchangebly with infections.
non- communicable/non-infectious
cant be transmitted - genectic or lifestyle related
epidemic
an outbreak of disease that attacks many people at the same time. it can spread through one or several communities.
endemic
a disease that exists permanantly in a particular reigon: for example malaria is parts of africa.
morbitity
the number of people suffering from a disease or medical condition
zoonotic disease
disease transmitted between animals to people: e.g. malaria or dengue fever
disease diffusion
the spread of a disease from source to new areas
opportunistic disease
infections occur more severly for people with weakened immune systems.
e.g. covid
hagerstrand model - 4 stages
stage 1 - primary stage - outbreak is slow as it spreads from one fixed point
stage 2 - expansion stage - rapid growth that occurs due to continuous diffusion in pop. therefore the rate of infection rises rapidly
stage 3 - condensation - rate of infection slows partly due to barriers to diffusion and immunization. e.g vaccines, herd immunization or weaker pop. dies
stage 4 - saturation - the rate of diffusion stops
y-axis - cumulative number of cases
x-axis - time
neighbourhood effect
the probability of contact between a carrier and non-carrier determined by number of epople living in a 5x5 km square proximity grid and the distance apart.
factors that determine the shape of a hagerstrand model
lic/hic
proximity
government controll/soverignty/ territoral integrity that allow them to contoll borders and legislation
correct amount and type of resources in demand
malaria
mostly along the equator in the southern hemisphere where physical condidtions are the best for breeding mosquitos (hot+humid condistions).
in australia malaria is low becuase of human factors such as vaccines and high quality health care.
island nations - easier to controll becuase they are less interconnected - can conrtoll flows.
HIV
culturally shaped disease - lifestyle - spread through bodily fluids and re-used needles (poor hygeine and healthcare)
eastern europ and asia dont want to adopt western norms - homophobic and traditional.
in countries with sociall norms such as intergenerational sex or prostitution - in countries such as southern africa - LIC - limited in terms or resources and education.
TB
- airborne communicable disease.
- similar to HIV rates becuase it can be a secondary disease to HIV can be seen as opportunistic disease as it targets people with a weakened immune system - queen.
- increased rates are in places with a higher neighbourhood effect
diabetes
non-communicable disease that is influenced by lifestyle.
more common in HICs where they have fatty diets + resources available to them for cheaper.
cardio vascular diseases
smaller island nations have higher death rates due to poor accesssablilty and health care. however HIDCs there are high cases but low mortaitly rate. they have access to helthcare.
hierarchical
when its spread through an ordered sequence of places from urban to rural.
network
can be spread through social networks and transportation e.g HIV/AIDS
contagious
describes the spread of disease through direct contact with the carrier
expansion/relocation
disease spreads to new areas and past area is immune.
the carriers remain infected during the process so its more intense for the but the new person has caught in - fits under hierarchaial.
barriers to diffusion
climate, altitude and bodies of water
human barriers to diffusion
political borders or laws, development of the country and vaccination or education.
how seasonal variations influence disease or outbreak
encoumpases:
wet and rainy season
harvest season
intensity of the rainy period
malaria in ethiopia - 75% of land infected with malaria in ethiopia kills 70,000 per year. seasonal change brings rainy season which facillites breeding mosquitos - hot and humid conditions.
human factors affect this change population movement and migration from highlands to lowlands to access the harvest better.
in uganda - during el nino (hugh rainfall in 1997-98) the malarial spread wa smore intense due to increased vectors - prolonged period of vector activity.
