disease and dilemmas

Question 1

infectious

Answer 1

anything that spreads through pathogens, bacteria, viruses, transmitted from person to person.

Question 2

communicable

Answer 2

disease spreading through direct contact - can be used interchangebly with infections.

Question 3

non- communicable/non-infectious

Answer 3

cant be transmitted - genectic or lifestyle related

Question 4

epidemic

Answer 4

an outbreak of disease that attacks many people at the same time. it can spread through one or several communities.

Question 5

endemic

Answer 5

a disease that exists permanantly in a particular reigon: for example malaria is parts of africa.

Question 6

morbitity

Answer 6

the number of people suffering from a disease or medical condition

Question 7

zoonotic disease

Answer 7

disease transmitted between animals to people: e.g. malaria or dengue fever

Question 8

disease diffusion

Answer 8

the spread of a disease from source to new areas

Question 9

opportunistic disease

Answer 9

infections occur more severly for people with weakened immune systems.
e.g. covid

Question 10

hagerstrand model - 4 stages

Answer 10

stage 1 - primary stage - outbreak is slow as it spreads from one fixed point
stage 2 - expansion stage - rapid growth that occurs due to continuous diffusion in pop. therefore the rate of infection rises rapidly
stage 3 - condensation - rate of infection slows partly due to barriers to diffusion and immunization. e.g vaccines, herd immunization or weaker pop. dies
stage 4 - saturation - the rate of diffusion stops
y-axis - cumulative number of cases
x-axis - time

Question 11

neighbourhood effect

Answer 11

the probability of contact between a carrier and non-carrier determined by number of epople living in a 5x5 km square proximity grid and the distance apart.

Question 12

factors that determine the shape of a hagerstrand model

Answer 12

lic/hic
proximity
government controll/soverignty/ territoral integrity that allow them to contoll borders and legislation
correct amount and type of resources in demand

Question 13

malaria

Answer 13

mostly along the equator in the southern hemisphere where physical condidtions are the best for breeding mosquitos (hot+humid condistions).
in australia malaria is low becuase of human factors such as vaccines and high quality health care.
island nations - easier to controll becuase they are less interconnected - can conrtoll flows.

Question 14

HIV

Answer 14

culturally shaped disease - lifestyle - spread through bodily fluids and re-used needles (poor hygeine and healthcare)
eastern europ and asia dont want to adopt western norms - homophobic and traditional.
in countries with sociall norms such as intergenerational sex or prostitution - in countries such as southern africa - LIC - limited in terms or resources and education.

Question 15

TB

Answer 15

• airborne communicable disease.
• similar to HIV rates becuase it can be a secondary disease to HIV can be seen as opportunistic disease as it targets people with a weakened immune system - queen.
• increased rates are in places with a higher neighbourhood effect

Question 16

diabetes

Answer 16

non-communicable disease that is influenced by lifestyle.
more common in HICs where they have fatty diets + resources available to them for cheaper.

Question 17

cardio vascular diseases

Answer 17

smaller island nations have higher death rates due to poor accesssablilty and health care. however HIDCs there are high cases but low mortaitly rate. they have access to helthcare.

Question 18

hierarchical

Answer 18

when its spread through an ordered sequence of places from urban to rural.

Question 19

network

Answer 19

can be spread through social networks and transportation e.g HIV/AIDS

Question 20

contagious

Answer 20

describes the spread of disease through direct contact with the carrier

Question 21

expansion/relocation

Answer 21

disease spreads to new areas and past area is immune.
the carriers remain infected during the process so its more intense for the but the new person has caught in - fits under hierarchaial.

Question 22

barriers to diffusion

Answer 22

climate, altitude and bodies of water

Question 23

human barriers to diffusion

Answer 23

political borders or laws, development of the country and vaccination or education.

Question 24

how seasonal variations influence disease or outbreak
encoumpases:
wet and rainy season
harvest season
intensity of the rainy period

Answer 24

malaria in ethiopia - 75% of land infected with malaria in ethiopia kills 70,000 per year. seasonal change brings rainy season which facillites breeding mosquitos - hot and humid conditions.
human factors affect this change population movement and migration from highlands to lowlands to access the harvest better.
in uganda - during el nino (hugh rainfall in 1997-98) the malarial spread wa smore intense due to increased vectors - prolonged period of vector activity.

Question 25

how do patterns of physical factors disease distrabution

Answer 25

precipitation - prolonged conditions for mosquitos in ethiopia and uganda
relief - high altitudes have low malaria cus of colder temp.
water sources - the more water storage - the more malaria becuase of breeding ground. e.g. bilharzia - low water strorage = higher transmission. higher bodies of water decrease transmission

Question 26

how can climate change influence DD

Answer 26

more exterme weather events facillitates spread.
e.g. malaria is el nino.
mosquitos migrate northwards from the equator to find the perfect conditions for reproduction as climate change causes the equtor to be too hot. - human migration also works in this theory + to avoid natural disasters - network diffusion

Question 27

what increases risk of transmission from zoonotic to humans

Answer 27

poor hygeine
raw meat
neighbourhood effect

Question 28

environmental factors

cholera in haiti

Answer 28

earthquake - magnitude of 7 oms
caused wide spread damage to infrastructure and water ways.
hurricane sandy of 2012 caused spread of disease through contaminated water - herarchal to rural areas (caused caceses to triple overnight)
futher encouraged human impacts such as overcrowding and lack of sanitation.

Question 29

human factors

cholaera in haiti

Answer 29

hierararchial diffusion took place when people moved from urban to rural areas.
the poor condistions in the country e.g. 80% living below poverty line + only 40% of pop had access to basic healthcare.
previous lack of immuntiy to cholera in haiti becuase they hadnt experinced cholera in decades.
nepolise UN workers (humanitarian assistance) had camp placed next to aribonite river and no sewage systems so waste got disposed into river that was also puposed for drinking.

Question 30

impacts on people

cholera in haiti

Answer 30

widespread death and destruction of inrastructure on top of the earthquake.
damaging water systems, airports and roads.
harrowing situation as it could have been avaoided as cured easily with the correct resources of clean drinking water and a sewage system.

Question 31

national or international staratagies used to minimise impacts

cholera in haiti

Answer 31

nepolise UN workers (humanitarian assistance) had camp placed next to aribonite river and no sewage systems so waste got disposed into river that was also purposed for drinking.
awarness of safe water campaigns helped curve the transmission of the diesese - however not effective becuase didnt have the correct resources.
international aid organistaions and relife groups aim to halt spread of disease and save lives (was done by contructing hydration centres as a short term managment stratagey)