Disease and defence Flashcards
-Immunological response -antigens & antibodies -types of immunity -active and passive immunity &vaccination -other natural defence mechanisms -monoclonal antibodies
define “immunity”
the ability to resist injury by poisons, foreign proteins and invading parasites due to the presence of antibodies
define “antigen“
a substance, that when introduced into the tissue or blood activates the immune system which is induced to form antibodies
define “antibody”
a protein produced by certain cells in the body in the presence of a specific antigen
what is the role of “B-lymphocytes”?
responsible for making antibodies
what is the role of “T-lymphocytes”?
cellular immunity & regulation of numeral response by the B-lymphocytes
define “clone”
population of genetically identical cells formed by mitosis
what is the role of “killer T-cells”?
- attack and destroy invading cells
- secret lymphokines which increases the population of T-cells
- secretes interferons which inhibits viral replication
role of “Amplifier T-cells”
stimulate helper T-cells &suppress T-cells and B-cells
role of “Helper T-cells”
- induce and amplify antibody production
- secret lymphokine that stimulates multiplication of killer T-cells
role of “Suppressor T-cells”
damp down some activities
what does “sensitised” mean?
when an antigen binds to the antigen receptor on the T-cell
role of “Plasma B-cells”
secrete antibodies into the circulation
role of “Memory B-cells”
programmed to remember specific antigen for rapid response
what makes antibodies different from one another?
binding sites in the variable portion of the antibody is for a specific antigen
define “immunoglobulin”
they are antibodies which are synthesized in response to the presence of a specific antigen
what are the methods of “Actively acquired immunity”
infection, vaccination (booster vaccinations occur at different time scales)
what are the methods of “passively acquired immunity”?
ready-made antibodies, activated immune cells from organ transplant, antibodies, short-term antibodies passed from mother to child via the placenta, colostrum and milk
list other resistance mechanisms
phagocytosis, fever, inflammation, antimicrobial chemicals, skin and mucus membranes
what limitations of antibodies can be avoided using monoclonal antibodies?
B-cell is isolated to form a hybrid cell
