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Bacte > Disease And Aimmunity > Flashcards

Disease And Aimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

o Ability of microbial species to cause a disease

A

Pathogenicity

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2
Q

o Occurs as the result of interactions between the
pathogen and the host

A

Infectious disease

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3
Q

o Pathological condition due to the growth of
microorganisms in a host tissues

A

Infection

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4
Q

o A person or animal with asymptomatic infection
that can be transmitted to another susceptible
person or animal

A

Carrier

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5
Q

o Process by which bacteria stick to the surfaces of
host cells
o A major initial step in the infection process

A

Adherence (adhesion, attachment)

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6
Q

o Process whereby bacteria, animal parasites,
fungi, and viruses enter host cells or tissues and
spread in the body

A

Invasion

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7
Q

o Ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin that
contributes to the development of disease

A

Toxigenicity

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8
Q

o Quantitative ability of an agent to cause disease
o Involves adherence, invasion, and toxigenicity

A

Virulence

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9
Q

PORTAL OF ENTRY OF MICROORGANISMS
External and internal surfaces

A

Skin, conjunctiva
Mucous membrane of respiratory tract and urogenital tract
Intestines

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10
Q

FOR MICROORGANISMS TO CAUSE INFECTION

A

 It must enter the host
 Must metabolize and multiply on or in host tissues
 Must be able to resist host defenses
 Must damage the host

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11
Q

A localized infection with a collection of pus
surrounded by an inflamed area

A

Abscess

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12
Q

Short, but severe course

A

Acute

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13
Q

Presence of viable bacteria in the blood

A

Bacteriacemia

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14
Q

Persists over a long time

A

Chronic

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15
Q

Subclinical, no symptoms

A

Covert

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16
Q

Transmitted between hosts infected with
different organisms

A

Cross

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17
Q

Exist in circumscribed areas

A

Fecal

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18
Q

Infectious agent multiplies with great intensity

A

Fulminating

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19
Q

Caused as a result of healthcare

A

Iatrogenic

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20
Q

Persists in tissues for long periods, during
most of which there are no symptoms

A

Latent

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21
Q

Restricted to a limited region or to one or
more anatomical areas

A

Localized

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22
Q

More than one organism present
simultaneously

A

Mixed

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23
Q

Develops during a stay at the hospital or
other clinical care facility

A

Nosocomial

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24
Q

Due to an agent that does not harm a
healthy host, but takes advantage of an unhealthy one

A

Opportunistic

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25
Q

Symptomatic

A

Overt

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26
Q

Caused by plant pathogens

A

Phytogenic

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27
Q

First infection that often allows other
organisms to appear on the scene

A

Primary

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28
Q

Results in pus formation

A

Pyogenic

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29
Q

Caused by an organism, following an initial
or primary infection

A

Secondary

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30
Q

The condition resulting from the
presence of bacteria, or their toxins in
blood or tissues; The presence of
pathogens or their toxins in the blood
or other tissues

A

Sepsis

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31
Q

Blood poisoning associated with persistence
of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in
the blood

A

Septicemia

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32
Q

Sepsis with hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation, along with the presence of perfusion abnormalities that may include, but are not limited to, lactic acidosis, oliguria, or an acute alteration in mental status

A

Sepetic shock

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33
Q

Sepsis associated with organ dysfunction,
hypoperfusion or hypotension;
Hypoperfusion and perfusion abnormalities
may include, but are not limited to lactic
acidosis, oliguria, or an acute alteration in
mental status

A

Severe sepsis

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34
Q

Occurs only occasionally

A

Sporadic

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35
Q

No detectable symptoms or manifestations

A

Subclinical (inapparen or covert)

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36
Q

Spread throughout the body

A

Systemic

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37
Q

Condition arising from toxins in the blood

A

Toxemia

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38
Q

Caused by a parasitic organism that is
normally found in animals other than
humans

A

Zoonosis

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39
Q

o Attachment of pathogens to the surfaces of the
host (e.g. N. gonorrhoea)
o Some are introduced through vectors

A

Microbial adherence

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40
Q

 Most commonly produced by Gram-positive bacteria
 Secreted by living cells

A

EXOTOXINS

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41
Q

Types of Exo-toxin:

A

Neurotoxin
Enterotoxin
Cytotoxin
Leukocidin
Hemolysin

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42
Q

 affect the nerve tissues
 (C. tetani and C. botulinum)

A

Neurotoxin

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43
Q

 Intestine
 Cholera toxin caused by V. cholerae
 Found in foods and seafoods

A

Enterotoxin

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44
Q

 kills the cells
 (Deptheria toxin) (Corynebacterium diptheriae)

A

Cytotoxin

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45
Q

 alpha toxin of S. aureus

A

Leukocidin

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46
Q

 lysis of rbc
 (Streptolysin O) (S. pyogenes)

A

Hemolysin

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47
Q

 Found in the cell wall of Gram-negative m.o.
 Released upon cell lysis

A

Endotoxin

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48
Q

Change in body temperature due to the release of pyrogen

A

Pathogenecity

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49
Q

Mode of Transmission

A

 Airborne (droplets, droplet nuclei, infectious dusts)
 Food borne
 Water borne
 Blood Transfusion
 Direct contact with infected individuals
 Arthropod borne infection

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50
Q

 Ability of the body to overcome and resist infection
 A natural or acquired resistance to a specific disease

A

Immunity

51
Q

 Summation of all naturally occurring defense mechanism
 Directed to almost all type of antibodies

A

NATURAL/ NONSPECIFIC/ INNATE IMMUNITY

52
Q

 Exposure to antigen or antigen is experienced prior to the
development of Antibody
 Antibody produced is directed to specific Antigen.

A

ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED/ SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

53
Q

CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

Lymphoid cells
Mononuclear cells
Granulocytes
Mast Cells
Dendritic Cells

54
Q

 Where immature lymphocytes mature and differentiate into
B and T lymphocytes

A

PRIMARY ORGANS AND TISSUES

55
Q

 Where lymphocytes may encounter and binds antigen

A

SECONDARY ORGANS AND TISSUES

56
Q

Filtering microorganism and Antigen from tissues

A

Spleen

57
Q

 Trapping microorganisms and Antigen
from local tissue

A

Lymph node

58
Q

 Species immunity
 Racial immunity
 Individual immunity

A

Genetic

59
Q

 Skin
 Mucosal cells
 Body temperature
 Oxygen tension
o Lungs is favorable for anaerobes
 Age
 Hormonal balance
o Steroids suppresses immune mechanism
 Coughing, sneezing. Perspiring, etc.

A

Physical or Anatomic Barriers

60
Q

 Substances secreted by the body which protect from
invading pathogens

A

BIOCHEMICAL (HUMORAL FACTORS)

61
Q

 Present in various body fluids

A

Lyzozymes (Neuraminidase)

62
Q

 Fe storage protein, competes with
bacteria for Fe

A

Lactoferrin

63
Q

 Catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 to
water and oxygen

A

Lactoperoxidase (milk, saliva)

64
Q

 Released by platelets during clot
formation

A

Betalysine

65
Q

 Attract phagocytes

A

Chemotactic factors

66
Q

 Produced by the body, directed to all tpes of
microorganisms

A

SYSTEMIC FACTORS

67
Q

This are produced by our body that could combat viruses,
even cancer cells and prevent other cells from getting
infected

A

Interferons

68
Q

Produced by leukocytes, activates complement by
alternative pathway

A

Properdin

69
Q

Chief humoral mediation of Ag-Ab rnx

A

Complement

70
Q

Cellular factors

A

Phagocytotic cells
Mast Cells
Natural Killer Cells

71
Q

most important phagocytic cells

A

PMN, monocytes and macrophage

72
Q

are first to migrate in response to invasion of pathogens

A

PMNs

73
Q

Process of phagocytosis

A

Initiation, Chemotaxis, Engulfment, Digestion, Exocytosis

74
Q

Formation of cell-surface receptors (Adherence of pathogens)

A

Initiation Stage

75
Q

Initiation receptors

A

FMLR
CR-3
Laminin receptors

76
Q

Movement of phagocyte towards or away in response to
chemotaxin
Emigration of phagocytes from capillaries

A

Chemotaxis

77
Q

Emigration of phagocytes from capillaries

A

Diapedesis

78
Q

 Attachment of organism to phagocyte (aided by opsonins, CRP, complement component or Ab)
 Formation of phagosomes or phagocytic vacoule
 Respiratory burst

A

Engulfment stage

79
Q

 Formation of phagolysosome

A

Digestion or Cryptopepsis

80
Q

Generation of bactericidal metabolites resulting to the
killing of pathogens:

A

Reduction of NADPH
H2O2 production
Hypochlorite and Hydroxyl radicals

81
Q

Excretion of undigested materials

A

Excretion or Exocytosis

82
Q

 Antibody-mediated Immunity
 Involved the production antibodies from differentiated B lymphocytes
 Acquired either in response to infection or through
Immunization/vaccination

A

Humoral-Mediated Immunity

83
Q

 Lymphocytes are unique bearer of Immunologic specificity

 Mediated by the link between T-lymphocytes and
phagocytic cells

A

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

84
Q

Interact with infected host cells through
receptors on T-cell surface

A

Cytotoxic T cells

85
Q

Interact with macrophages and secrete cytokines (interleukins) that stimulate TC, TH, and B cell to proliferate

A

Helper T cells

86
Q

 Shorter latency period due to specific memory cells
developed during the primary I.R.

A

Secondary immune response

87
Q

 Host is exposed to the antigen for the first time

A

Primary immune response

88
Q

 Small proteins important in the regulation of growth and
activity of blood cells and cells of the Immune System
 Soluble mediators of host defense responses both specific
and non-specific, which involved the elimination of foreign
antigen such as microorganism

A

Cytokines

89
Q

 Heat-labile component of human plasma that augment
opsonization of bacteria by antibodies
 Helps other antibodies that kills bacteria
 Mediate Inflammation, activates phagocytic cells

A

Complement

90
Q

Draw bacteriolysis

A

Drawing

91
Q

The over-all reaction of the body to injury (such as
pathogens and wounds) or invasion by infectious agent

A

Inflammation

92
Q

Cardinal signs

A

Rubor, Tumor, Calor, Dolor,Funtio Laesa

93
Q

Due to increase blood flow to the inflamed area

A

Redness (Rubor)

94
Q

Leakage of plasma to surrounding tissues

A

Swelling (Tumor)

95
Q

Due to Interleukin-1 secreted by phagocyte

A

Heat (Calor)

96
Q

Due to anaerobic glycolysis occur in phagocytosis

A

Pain (Dolor)

97
Q

Result of prolonged Inflammatory process

A

Lost of function (Functio Laesa)

98
Q

Stages of Inflammatory Response

A

Vascular Response
Cellular Response
Cellular Proliferation

99
Q

immune
responsiveness that may be desirable to the ff:

A

Hypersensitivity reaction
Auto-immune disease
Prevention of rejection of graft

100
Q

Surgical manipulation

A

Physical

101
Q

Chemical or biological can include

A

Immunosuppressive drugs
Prophylaxis

102
Q

 Immune response which results in exaggeration/
inappropriate reactions that are harmful to the host

A

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION

103
Q

 Immediate hypersensitivity (occurs within minutes after
contact with the allergen)
 IgE (antibody involve)
 Histamine is the primary mediator

A

Type I - Anaphylactic

104
Q

 Antibody dependent
 Immunoglobulin is mainly IgG

A

Type II - Cytotoxic

105
Q

 IgG and IgM combines Ag forming complexes that activates
complement causing:
o Inflammation
o leberation of chemotactic factor,
o release of damaging lysosomal enzymes

A

TYPE III – IMMUNED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY RXN

106
Q

 Delayed Hypersensitivity reaction
 No antibody involve

Common:
o Tissue transplantation
o Viral diseases
o Contact dermatitis

A

TYPE IV – CELL-MEDIATED HYPERSENSITIVITY RXN

107
Q

ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY

A

Recognition, Specificity, Memory

108
Q

Suspension of killed, living or attenuated m.o. used as antigen to produce immunity against infection by a particular microorganism

A

Vaccine

109
Q

Made from exotoxins by destroying the poisonous portion with heat, UV light and chemical agents without altering their antigenic specificity

A

Toxoids

110
Q

prepared using heat o chemical agents

A

Killed vaccine

111
Q

frequent sub-culture on artificial media

A

Live attenuated

112
Q

prepared from bacterial structure component

A

Bacterial material

113
Q

Usually protein in nature and capable of eliciting the
production of antibody

A

Antigen

114
Q

 Incomplete antigens
 Cannot elicit immune response but can react with specific Ab or block a specific Ag-Ab reaction

A

Hapten

115
Q

Substances produced in response to the introduction of an
antigen

A

Antibody

116
Q

PARTS OF ANTIBODY

A

Two heavy chain, to light chain, F Ab fragment, Fc frgament

117
Q

Neutralizes toxins

A

Anti-toxins

118
Q

Clumping of bacterial cells

A

Agglutins

119
Q

Precipitation of bacterial cells

A

Precipitin

120
Q

Cells lysis

A

Lysin

121
Q

Makes the m.o susceptible to phagocytosis

A

Opsonin

122
Q

No known antigenic stimulus

A

Naturally occuring

123
Q

Produced after stimulation of the immune system

A

Immuned type

Bacte (1 decks)

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