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disease Flashcards

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1
Q

Disease definiton

A

A malfunctioning of the body excluding physical injury such as broken bones and burns.

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2
Q

What is pathology

A

The study of disease, its causes, detection and the changes it causes in the body.

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3
Q

Chronic disease definition

A

Long lasting but low grade (not severe) e.g. arthritis, asthma, etc.

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4
Q

What is acute Disease

A

Very severe, strong symptoms but usually not long lasting.

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5
Q

What is secondary disease

A

A disease that develops as a consequence of another primary disease.

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6
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Organisms, virus, or prions that cause disease

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7
Q

are virus and prions considered organisms and if yes/no why?

A

no because they arent alive

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8
Q

where do pathogens live

A

in a host organism. The host is the organism(s) that the pathogen lives in and infects.

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9
Q

Bacteria definition

A

Prokaryotic cells that can be pathogenic and cause disease

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10
Q

Fungus definition

A

Yeasts and Molds that may infect cells and cause disease

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11
Q

Protozoa definition

A

Single celled organisms with complex cell structures that cause disease
Zoa: meaning animals
Proto: primitive animals

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12
Q

Metazoa definition

A

Multicelled animals that cause disease, e.g., tapeworms.

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13
Q

Prions definition

A

a protein molecule that causes disease

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14
Q

Virus definition

A

A piece of genetic material (DNA or RNA) coated in protein that causes disease

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15
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of pathogens since they share some

A
  1. Reservoir of pathogens which then infect a host from a reservoir.
  2. Infect a host by entering through host cells
  3. Can spread from one host to infect another host
  4. Have the ability to enter through various openings.
  5. Are never so dangerous/deadly that they kill the host before spreading
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16
Q

What is non-infectious disease

A

disease that cannot be transmitted

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17
Q

What is transmision

A

Pathogen moves from host to host

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18
Q

what is the difference between direct and indirect transmission?

A

Direct transmission – the hosts have contact while the pathogen is transmitted.
Indirect transmission – the host transmits the pathogen without seeing the next host.

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19
Q

What are the 5 different types of transmission and what do they do?

A
  1. contact - the house touches the new host
  2. airborne - pathogens in airborne droplets
  3. faecal oral route - pathogens live in the digestive system are found in faeces. these can contaminate through unwashed hands or an untreated water supply
  4. blood-blood transmission - pathogens found in blood infects another person directly into the blood of another
  5. vectors - vectors are animals that pass the pathogen from one host to another
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20
Q

what is the opposite of contact and what does it mean?

A

indirect contact transmission - the new host can pick up pathogens by touching surfaces with pathogens - these are called fomites. e.g. cups, handrails, doorknobs.

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21
Q

List 2 other sources of pathogens

A

Animals and the environment can be reservoirs of pathogens.

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22
Q

Zoonotic disease definition

A

Zoonotic diseases are diseases that normally infect animals and not humans. However, sometimes (rare cases) the pathogen is transmitted to humans and is then transmitted among humans.

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23
Q

List bacterial structure

A
  • All bacteria are prokaryotic.
  • Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, and no membrane bound organelles.
  • They are smaller and simpler than other cells
  • All bacteria are unicellular although can cluster together in colonies
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24
Q

what are the three bacterial types

A
  1. cocci - sphere shaped
  2. bacilli - rod shaped
  3. spirochetes - spiral-shaped
25
Q

what are the bacterial growth requirements?

A
  • Water – they cannot grow in a dry environment
  • Warmth – they like to grow in 20 to 40 degrees, some can survive up to 99 degrees.
  • Inorganic ions (nitrates, sulphates, etc)
  • Energy supply (food for some and light for others)
    each species of bacteria also have different growth requirements (some need oxygen and some dont)
26
Q

What is an endospore

A

Endospores are like seeds covered in a tough protective coating where they can survive in harsh environments (e.g. high levels of UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, pressure, and desiccation)

27
Q

what is the endospore formation process?

A
  • A bacterial cell grows a coating around its DNA chromosome and a small amount of cytoplasm.
  • The rest of the bacteria dies away leaving the spore to survive.
  • If the spores encounters the correct conditions, it grows and bursts out of its coat, turning back into a bacterial cell
28
Q

does boiling water kill endospores and if yes/no what else does?

A

Boiling water at 100 degrees does not kill bacteria spores. The only way spores are killed is to heat them around 130 degrees which can be done in a pressure cooker or an autoclave.

29
Q

what is a toxin?

A
  • Toxins are chemicals that can poison an organism.
30
Q

what is a exotoxin and what are they capable of?

A
  • Exotoxins are chemicals that are produced and released from the bacterium that then poison the host cells.
  • Exotoxins can travel through the blood and poison cells in other parts of the body from where the infection is.
31
Q

where are exotoxins found, and when are they released?

A
  • Endotoxins are found within the bacteria and are not released from the bacteria until the bacteria is engulfed by phagocytosis and broken up.
32
Q

how do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

binary fission

33
Q

how are bacteria and all other pathogens killed?

A
  • Autoclaving/pressure cooking at 120 to 130 degrees for 15 minutes. This kills all pathogens and spores of pathogens.
  • Boiling water at 100 degrees kills or deactivates pathogens except endospores.
  • Ultraviolet light kills bacteria
  • Disinfectants are chemicals that kill pathogens including bacteria (e.g., bleach specific for bacteria, Dettol, Iodine).
  • Antibiotics kill bacteria.
34
Q

what are antibiotics produced by and what do they kill?

A

Antibiotics are chemicals produced by fungi that kill bacteria

35
Q

what do antibiotics do?

A
  • Antibiotics kill bacteria but do not kill animals such as humans which is why they can be distributed to someone with an infection.
36
Q

are virus affected by antibiotics?

A
  • Virus are not affected by antibiotics and will not help cure a viral disease like a cold.
37
Q

how is bacterial slowed, although not killed?

A
  1. Freezing (-6 degrees). Bacteria do not die if frozen, but they cannot grow. When they thaw they will begin to grow again.
  2. Fridges (4 degrees). Bacteria grow extremely slow in fridges. Food in fridges will eventually go off due to bacterial growth but it takes a lot longer.
  3. Dry conditions – if there is no water, bacteria cannot grow.
  4. High concentrations of salt or sugar – cause bacteria to lose water by osmosis and they cannot grow once dehydrated.
38
Q

virus definition

A
  • A virus is miniscule infectious particle.
39
Q

what are virus made of and do they metabolise?

A

a small complex group of chemicals. They do not metabolise (no chemical reactions in the virus).

40
Q

What dont virus do which makes them non-living?

A
  • They do not grow, respire, excrete, etc, therefore, they do not have the fundamental characteristics of life and are not alive.
41
Q

what must they do in order to reproduce?

A

invade a cell

42
Q

what are the 5 components of a virus?

A
  • They all have genetic material (DNA or RNA) which is in their nucleic acid.
  • Protein “capsid” which acts as a container for the genetic material
  • Membrane surrounding the particle
  • Smaller than bacteria
  • Many groups of different viruses each with different shape and structure.
43
Q

what is the only way virus can replicate?

A
  • Virus can only reproduce by infecting a cell
44
Q

what are the two mechanisms of reproduction?

A
  1. the lytic cycle
  2. lysogenic cycle
45
Q

explain the lytic process

A
  1. virus attaches via receptors to the host cell.
  2. the viral genetic material enters the cells cytoplasm (the DNA/RNA is injected or the virus enters and disassembles)
  3. The DNA/RNA is replicated by the cells enzymes and materials. the viral genes read and instruct the cell to make viral capsid proteins using the cells ribosomes
  4. the viral components self assemble into virus
  5. the cell lyses when it is full of virus. the virus are released to infect other cells
46
Q

what is the lysogenic process?

A

it is similar to the the lytic cycle except the viral DNA can incorporate itself into the host DNA and become dominant for a while.

47
Q

what is an epidemiologist?

A

Epidemiologists are scientists that study the spread of disease.

48
Q

what are some measures that you can do in order to control disease?

A

Hygiene
Cleanliness and sterilisation
Isolation and quarantine
Vaccination
Antibiotics
Antibacterial Agents
Barriers
Contaminated objects
Geographical awareness
Removal of animal reservoirs
Killing or removing vectors
Antiviral medication

49
Q

endemic definition

A

Endemic diseases are found in low numbers constantly in a population like the common cold.

50
Q

epidemic definition

A

An outbreak of disease to a large number of people in a community for a limited time.

51
Q

Pandemic definition

A

A larger outbreak of a disease that spreads over a vast area (many countries) any many become world-wide.

52
Q

what is a portal of entry?

A
  • A site on the hosts body through which pathogens enter and pass into host tissue is called a portal of entry
53
Q

what are some ways to contact pathogens?

A

food we eat and objects we handle

54
Q

do all contacts result in disease and infection?

A

no

55
Q

what causes a pathogen to cause disease

A

it needs to enter the body and access host tissue.

56
Q

what are some examples of portals of entry?

A
  • Examples of portals of entry are openings such as the mouth, ears, nose, anus, and genitals.
  • Other openings can be in the skin produced by wounds, bites, and needles
57
Q

sporadic definition

A
  • Sporadic means the outbreak is occasional
58
Q
A

Biology - disease (1 decks)

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