DISCOVERY OF XRAY Flashcards
_____________ were not developed; they were
discovered, and quite by accident.
x-ray
During the _________ many universities physics laboratories were investigating the
conduction of cathode rays, or electrons,
through a large, partially evacuated glass
tube known as _________.
1870s and 1880s
Crookes tube
was an Englishman from a humble background who was a self-taught genius. The tube that bears his name
was the (forerunner of the modern
fluorescent lamps) and (x-ray tubes.)
William Crookes
There were many different types of Crookes
tubes: most of them were capable of
producing x-rays. ____________ was experimenting with a type of tube when
he discovered x-rays.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
A plate coated with __________,
a ____________ happened to be
lying on a bench several meters from the
Crookes tube.
Barium Platinocyanide
fluorescent material
In __________ Roentgen was working
in his physics laboratory at __________ He darkened his laboratory and completely enclosed his Crookes tube with ________ so he could better visualize the effects of cathode rays in the tube.
November 8, 1895
Wurzburg University in Germany
black photographic paper
the field of radiography was born when he
placed his (wife’s hand) in front of the
screen and allowed the screen’s
fluorescent light to expose a photographic
film for about _______.
four minutes.
No visible light escaped from the Crookes tube because of the black paper that enclosed it, but Roentgen noted that the _________.
barium platinocyanide glowed
The intensity of the glow increased as the
plate was brought closer to the tube;
consequently, there was little doubt about the origin of the stimulus of the glow. This glow is called _______.
fluorescence
Along with (three other radiographs), this
image was published (two months) later in his paper, ______________ introducing
the process of radiography to the world
“On a New Kind of Rays”
Xray properties
- travel in straight lines.
- can ionize matter.
- cause fluorescence of certain crystals.
- cannot be focused by the lens
- affects photographic film
he was a German mechanical engineer and
physicist, who, on _______ produced
and detected electromagnetic radiation in a
wavelength range known as (x-rays) or
(Roentgen rays), an achievement that earned him the inaugural __________.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
(MARCH 27, 1845 - FEBUARY 10, 1923)
8 november 1895
“Nobel prize” in physics in “ (1901)
(Wife) of (Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen), the
discoverer of X-rays, she was the (first person) to experience the x-ray on her body on ________
Anna Bertha Ludwig
(APRIL 22, 1839 - OCTOBER 31, 1919)
December 22, 1895
He was a British (chemist) and (physicist) who attended the (Royal College of Chemistry) now part of (Imperial College London) and worked on (spectroscopy). he was a (pioneer) of (vacuum tubes), inventing the (Crookes tube) which was made in _____.
WILLIAM CROOKES
(JUNE 17, 1832 - APRIL 4, 1919)
1875.
He demonstrated the use of a (radiographic
intensifying screen) in _______, but only many years later did it receive adequate recognition and use.
MIchael Pupin
(OCTOBER 9, 1854 - MARCH 12, 1935)
(1896)
He found that by exposing (two glass x-ray
plates) with the emulsion surfaces together,
exposure time was (halved), and the image was considerably enhanced.
Note: The demonstration of double-emulsion radiography was conducted in
(1904), but double-emulsion film did not become commercially available until
(1918).
Charles LEONARD
(SEPTEMBER 16, AUGUST 27, 1918)
He developed the (fluoroscope) In (1898). He was an American (inventor) and (businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as (Electric power generator, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures.)
THOMAS EDISON
(February 11, 1847 - October 18, 1931)
(Before 20th century) Boston (dentist) William
Rollins used x-rays to image a (teeth) and found that (restricting the x-ray beam) with a sheet of lead and with a (hole) in a center, a (diaphragm), and inserting a leather or (aluminum filter) (improved) the (diagnostic quality of radiographs.)
Note: This was the first application of collimation and filtration. It was
later recognized that these devices reduce the hazard associated with x-
rays.
William ROLLINS
(June 19, 1852 - 1929)
He experienced a (severe x-ray burn) that
eventually required (amputation) of (both arms). He was an American (glassblower), noted as an assistant to (Thomas Edison) in his work on (X- rays) and as an early victim of (radiation Dermatitis) and its (complications.)
Note: Dally died in 1904 and is counted as the first x-ray fatality in the United States.
CLARENCE DALLY
(January 8, 1865 - October 2, 1904)
In (1946), the (light amplifier tube) was
demonstrated at (Bell Telephone Laboratories.) This device was adapted for (fluoroscopy) by (1950) as an (image intensifier tube.) Today, image- intensified fluoroscopy is being (replaced) by (solid-state image receptors. )
BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES
(1946)
In (1907), he introduced a (substitute high-voltage power supply), an (interrupt less transformer.) It was not until the introduction of (Coolidge tube) that the (Snook transformer) was widely adopted.
Note: During Roentgen’s time, only static generators were available. These
units could provide currents of only few milliamperes and a voltage to 50
kVp.
HOMER CLYDE SNOOK
(March 25, 1878 – September 23, 1942)
IN (1913), he unveiled his (hot-cathode x-ray tube) to the medical community. It was immediately recognized as (far superior) to the Crookes tube. It was a vacuum tube that allowed (x-ray intensity and energy) to be (selected separately) and with (great accuracy). X-ray tubes in use today are refinements of the Coolidge tube.
Note: Radiology emerged as a medical specialty because of the Snook
transformer and the Coolidge x-ray tube.
WILLIAM COOLIDGE
(October 23, 1873 – February 3, 1975)
In (1913), he invented the (stationary grid)
(“Glitterblende”); (2 months) later, he applied
his second patent for a (moving grid.)
GUSTAV BUCKY
(September 3, 1880 - February 19, 1963)
THE (1915 ) he probably unaware of Bucky’s patent because of WWI, also invented a 9moving grid.) To his credit, Potter recognized (Bucky’s work0, and the (Potter-Bucky grid) was introduced in (1921.)
HOLLIS POTTER
(February 16, 1880 - October 15, 1964)
X-rays are discovered by (Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen) in (Germany). The first image captured was of his (wife’s hand), showing its skeletal outline with a ring on one of her fingers.
1895
X-ray applications are being used as early as January. Concurrently, French physicist, (Antoine-Henri Becquerel), discovers (radioactivity).
1896
The American Roentgen Society, the first American radiology organization, is founded.
1900
Roentgen receives the first Nobel Prize in Physics.
1901
Einstein introduces his theory of relativity and the famous equation E = mc^2.
1905
The Snook interrupter less transformer is introduced.
1907
The Coolidge hot-filament x-ray tube is developed.
1913
Bohr theorizes his model of the atom, featuring a nucleus and planetary electrons.
1913
Radiological equipment is used in field hospitals during World War I.
1914
The cellulose nitrate film base is widely adopted.
1917
Cellulose acetate “safety” x-ray film is introduced (Eastman Kodak).
1923
George Eastman introduces film, replacing radiographs made onto glass photographic plates.
1918
The rotating anode x-ray tube is introduced.
1929
Several investigators demonstrate the use of soluble iodine compounds as contrast media
1920
The American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) is founded.
1920
The Potter-Bucky grid is introduced.
1921
Compton describes the scattering of x-rays
1922
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is discovered independently by American physicists, Edward Purcell and Felix Bloch.
1946
