Discourse

Question 1

Name the 10 key terms in the Pink Level

Answer 1

1. Discourse markers
2. Adjuncts
3. Disjuncts
4. Narrative structures
5. Anaphoric reference
6. Cataphoric reference
7. Exophoric reference
8. Endophoric reference
9. Interdiscursivity (or intertextuality)
10. Critical discourse analysis

Question 2

Define ‘discourse markers’

Answer 2

Words, phrases, or clauses that help to organise what we say or write

Question 3

Give 7 examples of discourse markers

Answer 3

1. Well
2. Okay
3. So
4. As I was saying…
5. Moreover
6. In conclusion
7. You know

Question 4

Define ‘adjuncts’

Answer 4

Non-essential elements of clauses (usually adverbials) that can be omitted

Question 5

Give examples of

1. An adverbial adjunct
2. An adnominal adjunct

Answer 5

1. I’ll see you in the morning
2. the discussion before the game

Question 6

Define ‘disjuncts’

Answer 6

Sentence adverbs that work to to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows

Question 7

Give two examples of disjuncts

Answer 7

1. Frankly, I’m appalled at what she said
2. Sadly, not one of them survived

Question 8

Define ‘narrative structures’

Answer 8

How events, actions, and processes are sequenced when recounting a story

Question 9

What are the 4 main categories of narratives?

Answer 9

1. Linear
2. Non-linear
3. Interactive narrative
4. Interactive narration

Question 10

Define ‘interactive narrative’

Answer 10

A form of fiction in which users are able to make choices that influencing the narrative (e.g. through alternative plots or resulting in alternative endings) through their actions.

Question 11

Define ‘interactive narration’

Answer 11

Works where the linear narrative is driven by, rather than influenced by, the users interaction.

Question 12

Define ‘anaphoric reference’

Answer 12

Making reference back to something previously identified in the text (often using pronouns to refer to an already established reference point)

Question 13

Give an example of an anaphoric reference

Answer 13

The woman stood by the door. She made detailed notes of what she could see.

Question 14

Define ‘cataphoric reference’

Answer 14

Making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text

Question 15

Giv an example of a cataphoric reference

Answer 15

It was warm. It was living. It was a rabbit.

Question 16

Define ‘exophoric reference’

(+ example)

Answer 16

Making reference to things beyond the language of a text itself, perhaps within a speakers immediate physical context (e.g. look at that)

Question 17

Define ‘endophoric reference’

(+ example)

Answer 17

Making reference to things within a text

(does same thing as anaphoric references e.g. ‘I saw Sally yesterday. She was lying on the beach’ )

Question 18

Define ‘interdiscursivity’

Answer 18

The use of discourses from one field as part of another

Question 19

Give an example of interdiscursivity

Answer 19

The use of science discourses in the selling of beauty products (vitamin D), or the use of sporting dicourses in eduction (final sprint)

Question 20

Define ‘critical discourse analysis’

Answer 20

The use of linguistic analysis to challenge and explore the ideologies, positions, and values of texts and their producers

(lit essays basically)

Question 21

Give 4 examples of discourse structure

Answer 21

1. A question and answer format
2. Problem-solution structure
3. Narrative structure
4. Adjecency pairs in a spoken interaction

Question 22

Define ‘adjacency pairs’

Answer 22

An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two speakers. The turns are functionally related to each other in such a fashion that the first turn requires a certain type or range of types of second turn.

Question 23

Give 2 examples of adjacency pairs

Answer 23

1. Greeting-greeting pair
2. Question-answer pair

Question 24

What are anaphoric, cataphoric, and endophoric references examples of?

Answer 24

Cohesion