Disasters

Question 1

Protons

Answer 1

Relative mass = 1
Relative electric charge = +1
positive

Question 2

Neutron

Answer 2

Relative electric charge = 0
Relative mass = 1
No charge

Question 3

Electrons

Answer 3

Relative electric charge = -1
Relative mass = 0.0005
Negative charge

Question 4

Arrangement of particles within an atom

Answer 4

Electron on the outside rings

neutrons and protons in the centre

first ring (closest to the neutrons and protons) can only have 2 electrons

2nd ring can have max 8

3rd ring can have max 8 and so on

Question 5

Periodic Table

Answer 5

Group 1: Alkali = first column

Halogens = second column from the right

Noble Gases = Far-right column

Transition Metals = middle

Question 6

Define the term isotope

Answer 6

isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons.

Question 7

Alpha particles

Answer 7

Cannot pass through paper, has the most mass

Question 8

Beta particles

Answer 8

Passes through paper, cannot pass through plastic

Question 9

Gamma and X-ray particles

Answer 9

Passes through paper and plastic, cannot pass through lead and is massless

Question 10

Nuclear fission

Answer 10

nucleus splits spontaneously or on impact with another particle, with the release of energy.

Question 11

uses for Krypton - 35

Answer 11

Scan for faults in materials:
• Corrosion of industrial equipment
• Specifically in testing aircraft parts for defect

Question 12

Benefits and Problems of Krypton-35

Answer 12

Benefits:
• Measurement is constant, can be measured throughout production
• Accurate and can save lives
Problems:
• Cause damaging of tissue on direct contact
• Inhalation causes serious respiratory illnesses, mental failure, aggravate heart, lung and circulatory problems

Question 13

Use of Krypton-35 for society

Answer 13

• Accidental release can contaminate areas
• Sewerage and rivers impacting organisms within – altering genetic composition
• Gas can impact terrestrial land – plants intake through stomata and then can bio-accumulate
• Human health suffers from intake of animal or plant tissues with high amounts of the chemical\

Question 14

Use of Iodine-131

Answer 14

Treatment of thyroid cancer:
• Releases beta radiation that locally inhibits cell reproduction and destroys cancer cells
Diagnosis of thyroid cancer:
• Injected or inhaled and creates an image of the tissues

Question 15

Benefits and Problems of Iodine-131

Answer 15

Benefits:
• Administered by capsule
• Effective – only absorbed by thyroid cells
Problems
• Causes swilling, nausea, neck pain and excessive saliva
• Patients must be isolated
• External exposure can affect people involved in production

Question 16

Earth’s structure

Answer 16

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

Question 17

Crust

Answer 17

Outer Layer, up to 75km thick

Question 18

Mantle

Answer 18

Middle layer of the earth, up . to 2800km . thick. The upper part forms part of the lithosphere and is rigid. The lower semi-molten part forms the asthenosphere, 3.

Question 19

Outer Core

Answer 19

Inner most part of the earth, composed of Iron and Nickel (5000 degrees Celsius)

Question 20

Convection Currents: Earth’s Mantle

Answer 20

Convection currents flow within the mantle

Causes the tectonic plates to move

Less dense hot magma moves upward

More dense cooler magma moves downward

Question 21

Different types of plate boundaries

Answer 21

Divergent

Convergent

Transform .

Question 22

Divergent

Answer 22

Motion: spreading
Effect: constructive
Topography: ridge/rift
Volcanic activity: Yes

Question 23

Convergent

Answer 23

Motion: subduction
Effect: destructive (oceanic lithosphere destroyed)
Topography: trench
Volcanic activity: Yes

Question 24

Transform

Answer 24

Motion: Lateral sliding .
Effect: conservative (lithosphere neither created or destroyed)
Topography: No major effect
Volcanic activity: No

Question 25

Plate tectonics

Answer 25

The theory – the surface of the Earth is broken into large plates. The size and position of these plates change over time. The edges of these plates, where they move against each other, are sites of intense geologic activity, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building

Question 26

Earthquakes impact:

Answer 26

The atmosphere:
Earthquakes indirectly contribute the enhanced greenhouse effect. They are known to release methane from pockets within the ground to the atmosphere by the movement of tectonic plates.

If an earthquake is at an appropriately high magnitude they can increase the height of mountains by a few inches to a few metres.

The hydrosphere:
Permanent deformation of aquifers lasts until pressure within the aquifer equalises with the water table.

Ground breakage creates new lakes also known as “sag ponds”. They increase groundwater flow from springs and displacing stream channels.

The lithosphere: The intense shaking of the earth’s surface causes damage or loss of human and animal life. Earthquakes themselves do not kill or harm life, it’s when structures or certain flora collapse.

The biosphere: Plants and animals are affected because the ground is damaged and their natural habitats are destroyed

Question 27

Volcanoes

Answer 27

Atmosphere:
Gases surrounding a celestial body make up its atmosphere
When the volcano eruption, all the ash particles would be spread into the atmosphere.

Hydrosphere:
The part of the earth composed of water called the hydrosphere.
Volcanoes can affect the hydrosphere through the eruption, the lava and volcanic ash could cause the air pollution also through the raining go in to the water cycle ad pollute the water as well. Also, the ocean’s water temperature will rise.

Biosphere:
The volcano eruption could kill the plants and the animals live nearby because of the hot lava and poisonous gases. Therefore, the raining water which contains the volcano ash could influence the plants growth in long term.

Lithosphere:
The earth’s crust and the upper layer of its mantle make up the system call lithosphere. The force due to the eruption can change, destroy or create the new type of rock and landform such as igneous rocks. Volcanic eruption often happens near the boundaries of tectonic plates.

Question 28

Tsunamis

Answer 28

The atmosphere: The force of a tsunami will generally not affect the atmosphere. Unless the wave damages gas pipes of sewages, then there should be no harm to the atmosphere. If it does occur that the Tsunami wave hits a gas pipe which starts to leak into the atmosphere this will then have a long term effect on the atmosphere and the Ozone layer. Gases in the atmosphere.

The hydrosphere: After a tsunami happens the hydrosphere will become polluted as the force of the wave will pull destructive waste, chemicals and sewage back into the ocean. Additionally, debris from the initial earthquake can infiltrate and poison freshwater sources on the ground making the water undrinkable and unusable. The severe churning of the water can also cause the water to become more oxygenated, which can potentially lead to acid rain.

The lithosphere: As tsunamis are caused by earthquakes caused by the movement of tectonic plates, the tectonic plates cause the seafloor near the plate boundary to rise, and the seafloor.

The biosphere: the biosphere is all living things (plants and animals) that inhabit an area. Tsunamis can affect the biosphere as everything that lives on land will be damaged or killed by the rapid rush of water or being hit by moving cars or debris. The animals in the water will also be hurt by being hit into objects due to the large rush of water.

Question 29

Cyclones

Answer 29

The atmosphere:
Cyclones distribute heat in the atmosphere from lower latitudes to higher latitudes, also bringing with them large amounts of precipitation. They can also cause the uprooting of trees in the area, which means that there is a smaller and poorer quality supply of oxygen.

The hydrosphere:
Cyclones affect the hydrosphere because they can cause flooding and or tidal currents. They can also affect the hydrosphere by causing unnaturally big waves in the ocean.

The lithosphere:
Cyclones affect the lithosphere through the storm surges associated with Cyclones, inundating the low lying areas of coastal regions, drowning human beings and livestock, eroding beaches and embankments, destroying vegetation and reducing soil

The biosphere:
Cyclones affect the biosphere by pollution, affecting animal life and uprooting trees. They also cause lots of damage to land and causing bad weather. The biosphere is also impacted by cyclones as