Directors Flashcards
Where in the CA 2006 are Directors’ Duties prescribed?
s.170-177 CA 2006
What are the duties owed by directors to companies as prescribed in the CA 2006?
And what section of the CA2006 are these duties laid out?
s170 - The director owes the general duties under ss. 170-177 CA 2006 to the company
s171 - Duty to act within powers
s172 - Duty to promote success of the company
s173 - Duty to exercise independent judgment
s174 - Duty to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence
s175 - Duty to avoid conflicts of interest
s176 - Duty not to accept benefits from third parties
s177 - Duty to declare interest in proposed transaction or arrangement
What happens if director’s fail to adhere to the duties prescribed in the CA 2006?
Failure to adhere to these duties enables the company to pursue the director under common law principles - damages in favour of the company.
Which section deals with directors’ duty to avoid conflicts of interest?
s175 duty to avoid conflicts of interest and;
s176 duty to not accept benefits from third parties
Are there any exceptions to s.175 and s.176?
If the situation cannot reasonably be regarded as giving rise to a conflict; or
If the potential conflict is authorised by the directors (excluding the potentially conflicted director) the only s175 will apply.
What are the further exceptions to s. 175 and s.176 ?
s180(2) if a transaction requires shareholder approval under CA2006 and shareholder approval is properly obtained, it is not necessary to comply with s 175 and 176 duties.
s.175(3) the duty to avoid conflicts of interest doesn’t apply to a conflict arising in relation to a transaction/arrangement with the company (ie. where the director would already need to declare an interest under s177).
Generally, what duties do directors have in disclosing their interests under the CA 2006?
s177(1) CA 2006 directors have a duty to disclose interest in proposed transactions or arrangements.
s182 CA2006 directors have a duty to disclose interest in current transactions or arrangements.
What does s. 177(1) CA 2006 actually mean?
Directors who are in anyway directly or indirectly interested in a:
- proposed transaction, or
- arrangement with the company,
must declare the nature and extent of that interest to the other directors of the company.
In analysing the director’s duty under s.177(1) what are the key issues, generally which must be identified?
Whether the director has a direct or indirect interest in a proposed transaction or arrangement with the company.
When must the interest be disclosed?
When does the director not need to make a declaration (exceptions)?
What form of notice must be used if the director needs to declare an interest?
What are the consequences of non-disclosure of interest?
What is the difference between direct and indirect interest in relation to s.177(1)?
Direct interest can mean a director entering into a service contract with the company.
Indirect interest is less easy to identify. It means where a director has an interest through a spouse or relative.
In Re British American Corp if a director is a director of Company A and B, he will be indirectly interested in any contract Company A and B enter into together.
When must a director’s interest under s177 need to be disclosed?
s177(4) CA 2006 -before the co. enters into the transaction/arrangement (check AoA to see if there are any additional requirements).
s177(3) CA 2006 -further declaration must be made if original declaration becomes inaccurate or incomplete.
When does the director not need to make a declaration of interest under s177?
s177(5) -where the director may not be aware of the transaction/arrangement in question
s177(6)(a)-where it cannot reasonably be regarded as likely to give rise to a conflict of interest
s177(6)(c)-if it concerns terms of his/her service contract with the company that has been or will be considered by the board, committee of the board, or directors
What form must the notice be in if a director needs to declare an interest under s177?
s184-if a director discloses by written notice, it must be sent to all directors electronically or in paper form
s185-director can opt to give general notice to the effect that he is always considered to be interested in any transaction /arrangement with a specified party.
Procedural aspects:
BM1–send transaction to GM for approval. Director may vote as this is merely procedural
GM–members vote on approving transaction
If Director is a S/H,can vote in favour
BM2–Director decide to enter into contract
Director must declare his interest and per
MA14,Director cannot vote or count in the quorum.
What are the consequences of non-disclosure of an interest by a director under s 177?
Common law rules will apply, ie. damages
What does the CA 2006 generally require director’s to disclose about themselves?
s163(1) name, service address, nationality.
Service address must be included on the company’s register of directors.
Under s167, you have 14 days to notify the registrar:
- of any changes
- if person becomes or ceases to be a director
What is a substantial property transaction? and where is it defined in the CA 2006?
Defined in s190 CA 2006
It is when:
The director of a company or;
director of a holding company or; connected person to the company
buys/sells
a substantial non-cash asset
between a company and either:
a director of co1
the holding co.
connected person
Which arrangements fall under section 190(1) of the CA 2006 dealing with substantial property transactions?
s190(1) CA 2006 controls the following arrangements which deal with substantial property transactions:
1) a director of a company or;
a director of a holding company; or a connected person buying a substantial non cash asset from a company; or
2) a director of a company or a director of a holding company, or a connected person, selling a substantial cash asset to a company
What is a connected person under s.252 CA
Member of the director’s family (includes spouse, civil partner, child, step child or parent
of the director)
A company with which the director is associated (i.e. a company with which the director and his connected persons own at least a 20% share of
A trustee of a trust in which the director or a connected person has an interest
A person acting in the capacity of a partner of the director, or of a connected person
What is considered to be a non cash asset?
s1163 CA2006: Any property or interest in property other than cash.
What is considered to be a substantial non cash asset under s 191 CA 2006?
s191 CA 2006
Asset worth 5 000 or less is not a substantial asset
Asset worth more than 100 000 is a substantial asset
Asset worth between 5000-100 000 is only substantial if it is worth more than 10% of the company’s net asset value (see accounts).
If co. only recently incorporated, net asset value is the amount of called up share capital.
What must a director do, if he satisfies all of the elements under section 190(1) CA 2006?
The director must get:
a) approval by a resolution of the company.
b) this is conditional upon such approval being obtained
s190(2) If a director of a company is a director of the company’s holding company, or is a person connected with such a director, the arrangement must also be approved by members of the holding company.
s190(3) a company is not liable if shareholder approval is not forthcoming
s190(4)(b): doesn’t include wholly owned subsidiaries, however, due to company holding provisions, parent companies may need to obtain shareholder approval as well
s190(6) anything a director is entitled to under his service contract is excluded from being a substantial property transaction.
Once you’ve satisfied all the elements of s190(1) CA 2006, what do you do next?
State what will happen if the director does not obtain shareholder approval:
s195: a transaction is voidable by the company.
What are the circumstances in which a transaction may not be voidable by the company under s.195 even after having satisfied that you are dealing with a substantial non cash transaction under s. 190(1)?
s195: a transaction is voidable by the company unless:
s195(2)
Restitution is no longer possible;
The company has been indemnified by another person for the loss or damage
suffered by it; or
Bona fide rights have been acquired by a third party who was not a party to the
transaction
The arrangement has been affirmed by an ordinary resolution of the shareholders
within a reasonable period under s196
s 195(3) CA: irrespective of whether the transaction is voidable, either: (1) a director (2) a CP (3) any other director authorising the arrangement – is liable to:
1) account to the company for any gain made directly/indirectly from the transaction; and
2) Indemnify the company for any loss/damage resulting from the transaction
What are the defenses and exemptions which apply to a director satisfying all the elements of a substantial property transaction, and has not reported his interest?
S. 192 CA: Transactions with members or other group companies are exempt (e.g. share buybacks)
§ S. 195(6) CA: If transaction between company and connected person, and D took all reasonable steps to ensure Co’s compliance, director is not liable.
§ S. 195(7) CA: Defence to any person who can show he had no knowledge of the circumstances constituting the contravention.
S. 196 CA: Agreement has been affirmed by an OR of S/H within a reasonable period.