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directing Flashcards

1
Q

What is organizational behavior?

A

The study of both group and individual performance and action within an enterprise.

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2
Q

What does individual behavior refer to?

A

Individuals behave, react, and respond in a given environment.

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3
Q

Name three factors affecting individual behavior.

A
  • Personal Factors
  • Environmental Factors
  • Organizational Factors
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4
Q

Define personality in the context of individual behavior.

A

A dynamic concept describing the growth and development of a person’s whole psychological system.

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5
Q

What is perception?

A

The viewpoint by which one interprets a situation and gives sensible meaning to the world around us.

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6
Q

How are attitudes defined?

A

The way a person feels about something, which expresses positive or negative feelings.

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7
Q

What do values represent in individual behavior?

A

An individual’s idea of what is right and what is wrong.

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8
Q

List some economic factors that affect individual behavior.

A
  • Employment Level
  • Wage Rates
  • General Economic Environment
  • Technological Development
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9
Q

What are socio-cultural factors?

A

Factors that include relationships with family, friends, and colleagues, and cultural background.

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10
Q

How does the political environment affect individual behavior?

A

It influences behavior indirectly through factors like employment stability and investment levels.

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11
Q

What is the legal environment in the context of individual behavior?

A

Formalized rules and laws that dictate behavior and are enforced by the legal system.

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12
Q

What role do physical facilities play in organizational behavior?

A

They influence individual behavior through factors like noise level, heat, light, and cleanliness.

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13
Q

What is the significance of organizational structure and design?

A

They dictate how departments are set up and how communication flows within the organization.

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14
Q

What is the importance of leadership in organizational behavior?

A

Leaders provide direction and influence human behavior significantly.

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15
Q

What is a reward system in an organization?

A

A system established to compensate employees and influence their behavior and performance.

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16
Q

Name the stages of group development according to Tuckman’s model.

A
  • Forming
  • Storming
  • Norming
  • Performing
  • Adjourning
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17
Q

What occurs during the forming stage of group development?

A

Team members feel ambiguous and avoid conflict while looking for guidance.

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18
Q

What are observable behaviors in the storming stage?

A
  • Arguing among members
  • Vying for leadership
  • Lack of role clarity
  • Power struggles
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19
Q

What feelings and thoughts are common during the norming stage?

A
  • Sense of belonging
  • High confidence
  • Acceptance of all members
  • Freedom to express
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20
Q

What defines the performing stage of group development?

A

True interdependence with flexibility and high productivity.

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21
Q

What are observable behaviors in the adjourning stage?

A
  • Visible signs of grief
  • Momentum slows down
  • Restless behavior
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22
Q

Define motivation.

A

A psychological factor that affects performance, giving reason or enthusiasm for specific actions.

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23
Q

What are the two types of motivation?

A
  • Intrinsic Motivation
  • Extrinsic Motivation
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24
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Internal motivation that comes from pleasure, importance, or desire.

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25
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

External motivation that occurs when external factors compel behavior.

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26
Q

List some techniques of motivation.

A
  • Ask for employee input
  • Offer personal enrichment programs
  • Provide meaningful feedback
  • Set intermittent goals
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27
Q

What is the purpose of asking for employee input?

A

To show employees that their opinions are valued and to improve working conditions.

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28
Q

How do personal enrichment programs benefit employees?

A

They promote growth and development, enhancing motivation and performance.

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29
Q

Why is meaningful feedback important?

A

It validates achievements and inspires team members.

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30
Q

Fill in the blank: Motivation is present in every function of life, such as eating and drinking, which are motivated by _______.

A

hunger and thirst

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31
Q

What are smaller, measurable goals used for in the workplace?

A

To create meaning and help employees stay motivated while working on a project.

Setting reasonable and achievable goals can keep employees motivated and encouraged when they hit notable milestones.

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32
Q

Why is it important to celebrate milestones and achievements?

A

It helps everyone on the team stay connected to the work and focused on the larger goal.

Tangible rewards like financial bonuses or lunch parties can further motivate team members.

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33
Q

How can radiating positivity affect the workplace?

A

It can significantly boost the productivity of your workplace.

Happiness is linked to increased productivity.

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34
Q

What is the purpose of a mentorship program?

A

To pair more experienced employees with less experienced ones to guide them along their career journey.

A good mentor can offer encouragement and understanding about trials and successes.

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35
Q

What are some ways to create a comfortable and inspiring workspace?

A

Add color to the walls, put up motivational posters, and encourage employees to decorate their own space.

Keeping workspaces clean and tidy is also important.

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36
Q

What activities can encourage mindfulness among employees?

A

Encouraging breaks, offering yoga or meditation classes, and promoting quiet moments.

These can provide motivation to meet tight deadlines.

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37
Q

What is a profit-sharing program?

A

A program that allows employees to share in the financial success of the organization.

It can improve performance and reduce turnover.

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38
Q

What are some ways to take employee benefits to the next level?

A

Add game rooms, snack bars, implement mental health days, or provide childcare.

Enhanced benefits can boost health and increase team motivation.

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39
Q

What is an incentive program?

A

A program that rewards employees for consistently working hard, separate from celebrating milestones.

It can include nonfinancial incentives like extra vacation days.

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40
Q

What is job enlargement?

A

The combining of job tasks across the same level within a company.

It increases interest and engagement in work among team members.

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41
Q

What are some advantages of job enlargement?

A
  • Increased team member engagement
  • Work flexibility
  • Positive challenges
  • Training opportunities
  • Individual growth
  • Development of soft skills
42
Q

What are some disadvantages of job enlargement?

A
  • Possibility of lower morale
  • Temporarily slower production
  • Job creep
  • Increased stress
43
Q

What is job enrichment?

A

The process of enhancing a job role by adding meaningful tasks and responsibilities, increasing autonomy, and providing opportunities for growth.

It aims to make work more satisfying for employees.

44
Q

What are the key characteristics of job enrichment?

A
  • Skill variety
  • Task identity
  • Task significance
  • Autonomy
  • Feedback
45
Q

What is the main difference between job enlargement and job enrichment?

A

Job enlargement expands the scope of a job by adding more tasks, while job enrichment enhances the depth and complexity of a job.

Job enrichment often requires higher-level skills.

46
Q

What is the definition of leadership?

A

The process of influencing the behavior of people towards the achievement of group objectives.

Leadership involves maintaining good interpersonal relations and motivating followers.

47
Q

What are the features of leadership?

A
  • Influence the behavior of others
  • Inter-personal process
  • Attainment of common organizational goals
  • Continuous process
  • Group process
  • Dependent on the situation
48
Q

What are some important aspects of leadership?

A
  • Initiating action
  • Providing motivation
  • Providing guidance
  • Creating confidence
  • Building work environment
  • Co-ordination
  • Creating successors
  • Inducing change
49
Q

What qualities should a leader possess?

A
  • Personality
  • Knowledge
  • Integrity
  • Initiative
  • Communication skills
  • Motivation skills
  • Self-confidence and will power
50
Q

What is the role of a leader in seizing opportunities?

A

A leader takes initiative to grab opportunities and uses them to the advantage of the organization.

51
Q

What is a key communication skill a leader must possess?

A

A leader needs to be a good communicator, able to explain ideas, policies, and procedures clearly.

52
Q

What are the essential motivation skills for a leader?

A

A leader must understand the needs of the people and motivate them by satisfying those needs.

53
Q

Why is self-confidence important for a leader?

A

A leader needs a high level of self-confidence and will-power to maintain belief among employees.

54
Q

What does intelligence in a leader enable?

A

Intelligence enables a leader to analyze situations and make informed decisions.

55
Q

What is decisiveness in leadership?

A

Decisiveness is the ability of a leader to make firm decisions and manage work effectively.

56
Q

What social skills should a leader have?

A

A leader should possess empathy, a sense of responsibility, and accountability.

57
Q

Define autocratic leadership style.

A

A leadership style where the leader makes all decisions independently.

58
Q

What characterizes a democratic leadership style?

A

A style where the leader consults subordinates before making final decisions.

59
Q

Describe laissez-faire or free-rein leadership style.

A

A style where the leader gives subordinates complete freedom to make decisions.

60
Q

What does the Great Man theory of leadership propose?

A

Leaders are born, not made, possessing inherent qualities of leadership.

61
Q

What do contingency theories of leadership emphasize?

A

They emphasize the importance of the situation in determining the best leadership style.

62
Q

What do transformational theories of leadership focus on?

A

They focus on how leaders transform and develop members of the organization.

63
Q

What are trait theories of leadership?

A

Theories that state leaders are born with specific traits necessary for leadership.

64
Q

What do behavior theories of leadership suggest?

A

A leader is defined by their behavior and can learn new leadership qualities through actions.

65
Q

What is the basis of transactional theories of leadership?

A

These theories are based on motivating members who are not self-motivated.

66
Q

What do situational theories of leadership emphasize?

A

They emphasize the importance of the situation over individual personality in leadership effectiveness.

67
Q

List the importance of leadership theories.

A
  • Explain how individuals can become great leaders
  • Improve behavior and quality for effective leadership tasks
  • Guide and motivate individuals to succeed in leadership roles
68
Q

What is the definition of communication?

A

Communication is the transfer of information from the sender to the receiver with understanding.

69
Q

What are the six elements of communication?

A
  • Sender
  • Message
  • Encoding
  • Media/Channel
  • Decoding
  • Receiver
  • Feedback
70
Q

What model is designed to develop effective communication?

A

Shannon-Weaver Model.

71
Q

What does the sender do in the communication process?

A

The sender conveys a message to other persons.

72
Q

What is the role of feedback in communication?

A

Feedback ensures that the receiver has received and understood the message as intended.

73
Q

What is formal communication?

A

Communication based on formal organizational relationships.

74
Q

What is informal communication?

A

Communication that emerges from social interactions among people.

75
Q

What are the advantages of informal communication?

A
  • Spreads information fast
  • Facilitates social interaction
  • Can lead to rumors
76
Q

What is upward communication?

A

Communication that flows from lower levels to higher levels in an organization.

77
Q

What is downward communication?

A

Communication that flows from higher levels to lower levels in an organization.

78
Q

Define horizontal communication.

A

Communication between individuals at the same hierarchical level.

79
Q

What is oral communication?

A

Communication through spoken words.

80
Q

What are the advantages of written communication?

A
  • Distance is immaterial
  • Preserved as records
  • Clear reference
81
Q

What are semantic barriers?

A

Barriers that occur when the sender and receiver have different understandings of a message.

82
Q

True or False: Psychological barriers only arise from semantic misunderstandings.

A

False.

83
Q

What is a semantic barrier?

A

A barrier that arises due to holding different meanings of symbols, lack of clarity, wrong interpretations, physical noise, faulty translations, and unclarified assumptions.

Semantic barriers can significantly impair effective communication.

84
Q

List the reasons for semantic barriers.

A
  • Holding different meanings of symbols
  • Badly expressed messages
  • Wrong interpretations
  • Physical noise
  • Faulty translations
  • Unclarified assumptions
85
Q

What are psychological barriers in communication?

A

Emotional barriers that affect the state of mind of both sender and receiver.

Psychological barriers can significantly impact the effectiveness of communication.

86
Q

List the psychological barriers to communication.

A
  • Premature evaluation
  • Lack of attention
  • Loss due to transmission
  • Distrust between communicator and communicatee
87
Q

What are organizational barriers?

A

Barriers that affect the effectiveness of communication within an organization.

Organizational barriers can hinder the flow of information and create misunderstandings.

88
Q

List the organizational barriers to communication.

A
  • Unsupportive organizational policies
  • Rigid rules
  • Psychological distance due to status
  • Delay caused by multiple levels
  • Lack of good facilities for communication
89
Q

What are personal barriers in communication?

A

Barriers that arise from individual attitudes and behaviors affecting communication flow.

Personal barriers can stem from the attitudes of superiors and the motivation of subordinates.

90
Q

List the personal barriers to communication.

A
  • Attitude of superiors
  • Lack of confidence in subordinates
  • Unwillingness to communicate
  • Lack of motivation or incentives
  • Overburden with work
91
Q

What are physical barriers to communication?

A

Barriers that arise from environmental factors affecting communication.

Physical barriers can include issues like poor hearing and distance.

92
Q

What is the interpersonal mode of communication?

A

A mode where participants observe and monitor each other to adjust and clarify meanings.

It involves direct interaction, such as conversations and interviews.

93
Q

What is the interpretive mode of communication?

A

A mode focused on cultural interpretation of meanings in written and spoken form without active negotiation.

It includes following instructions and requests.

94
Q

What is the presentational mode of communication?

A

A mode that involves creating messages for interpretation by members of another culture without direct negotiation.

This mode is important in cross-cultural communication.

95
Q

What is electronic communication?

A

Communication that uses the internet to transmit and receive text and documents.

E-mail is a primary example of electronic communication.

96
Q

What distinguishes instant messaging from e-mail?

A

Instant messaging is in ‘real’ time or uses portable communication devices, unlike e-mail.

This allows for immediate communication.

97
Q

What is a weblog?

A

A website consisting of a series of entries arranged in reverse chronological order, often updated frequently.

Weblogs can contain various types of content, including user contributions.

98
Q

What is video conferencing?

A

A method that allows employees to have meetings across different locations using live audio and video.

This technology facilitates interactive meetings without physical presence.

99
Q

Name three essentials of an effective communication system.

A
  • Clarity of ideas
  • Understanding the audience
  • Proper feedback
100
Q

Fill in the blank: The communication should aim at _______ of the enterprise.

A

[future goals]

101
Q

True or False: A good communicator must be a good listener.

A

True

Listening is crucial for effective communication.

102
Q

What should be given proper attention in the communication process?

A

Timing and timeliness of communication.

Effective communication requires awareness of when to communicate.

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