Diplomatic negotiations Flashcards
Consequence of OPEC oil embargo on USA
Price of oil quadrupled $3 to $12.
Continued after Yom Kippur war and by early 1974 the world was on the edge of a major economic crisis. Forced other countries and USA to reconsider their approach to the ME
Superpower involvement in diplomatic negotations
USA: make peace to:
-relax OPEC embargo
-Prevent superpower war
-Perhaps would lead Egypt and Syria away from USSR side in cold war
USSR:
-angry that Egypt wasted the weapons it had given them and didnt manage to make a peace
Kissinger Shuttle Diplomacy 1974
Flew back and forth from Israel, Egypt and Syria as an intermediary since neither side would talk to the other directly.
Successes of shuttle diplomacy
-Sadat was very willing to make peace so he could reopen the Suez Canal (making $220 mil/year)
-Good position to put pressure on Israel as they were dependant on US aid
-1974: egypt and Israel agree to pull back from Suez and UN peacekeeping body installed between two sides. Work could start on reopening Suez
-Both sides agree to resolve future conflict by negotiation rather than fighting.
-OPEC starts selling oil to US again in recognition of Kissinger work
-DMZ created in Golan Heights
Failures of shuttle diplomacy
-Assad refused to back down on Syria’s claim to the Golan Heights
-New Israeli PM, Rabin, was not prepared to renounce claim to Sinai or Golan
-Neither Syria or Egypt prepared to recognise Israel’s right to exist
Reopening of Suez Canal 1975
Egypt, USA, France, Britain work together to remove the numerous sunken ships, minefields etc left by wars.
700,000 mines, 96 men died
What encouraged Sadat to go to Israel for peace negotiations
-Kissingers Shuttle Diplomacy
-1977L food riots involving hundreds of thousands of people in Cairo. Economy in bad state. (new) President Carter said if Egypt made peace with Israel it would help with US aid.
When was the first time an Egyptian president visited Israel?
Sadat in 1977
How did Sadat’s visit to Israel go?
new Israel president, Begin was wiling to open peace talks so IDF could focus on PLO threat from Lebanon.
Arab leader and people saw him as a traitor.
Sadat invites Begin to Egypt, which he does in December
Begin had no intention of allowing Palestinians self-government. Disagreements started to form and Carter stepped in.
When were the Camp David Accords
1978
What is camp David
secluded country retreat of US president. Since both countries needed US aid, they agreed to arrive.
Camp David was private and secluded, so talks were secret and neither side could leave as they would need a helicopter.
Initially, Carter moved back and forth from Sadat and Begin’s cabin but then created an informal and friendly atmosphere.
Details of framework for peace between Egypt and Israel created in Camp David Accords
-Egypt and Israel would be at peace
-Israel would leave Sinai within 3 years.
-Egypt would allow Israel to use Straits of Tiran and Suez Canal
-Egypt would recieve $1 billion a year for 10 years from US
-Israel would be given $3 billion loan to help pay for dismantling its bases in Sinai
Details of framework for peace in the Middle East created in Camp David Accords and their limitations.
-Israel accepted legitimate rights of the Palestinians
>what these rights were was not defined
-Palestinians and Gaza and West Bank could elect a council to govern themselves for five years
>did not mention Palestinians not in these regions living in refugee camps
-As soon as that happened, IDF had to gradually withdraw from these areas.
-At the end of these 5 years, a final decision on how these places will be run would be decided by Israel, Egypt, Jordan and Palestinians.
> Jerusalem or Israel’s control of Golan Heights not mentioned
PALESTINIANS NOT CONSULTED ABOUT AGREEMENT
International response to Camp David Accord 1978
Sadat and Begin given 1978 Nobel Peace Prize
UN rejected “framework for peace in the Middle East” since Palestinians not consulted
Sadat denounced as traitor and Egypt thrown out of Arab League
When and who assasination of Sadat
1981
Egyptian Islamic militants kill Sadat during parade celebrating successes of Yom Kippur War
