diploes

Question 1

Electronegativity

Answer 1

Measures the tendency of an atom to attract electrons. The ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself. Increase left to right and decreases down

Question 2

If 2 atoms of different electronegativity in a covalent bond

Answer 2

An uneven sharing of bonding electrons will occur, they spend more time with higher electretive elements. More electronegative atom develops a small negative charge and other positive ones. (said to have bond dipole). The greater difference, the greater the bond di[ole

Question 3

Polar molecules

Answer 3

Have slightly positive and slightly negative charged ends, molecules like this are said to have a net dipole. If multiple net dipoles, these may act to reinforce or cancel each other’s effect depending on strength and directions

Question 4

inter and intra-molecular forces

Answer 4

strongest is intra, within the covalent bonds. Inter keep them bound to each other.

Question 5

Dipole-dipole

Answer 5

polar molecules attract each other due to weak electrostatic forces of attraction between dipoles. Cn increases melting point, therefore, stronger than nonpolar molecules the same size.

Question 6

Solubility

Answer 6

Generally, substances with dd forces are soluble in other ddfocres but not in nonpolar. like dissolves like. A solute and solvent form a solution if attractive forces acting between molecules are comparable in strength (similar inter)

Question 7

dispersion

Answer 7

All materials have and the only force nonpolar have. Weak for molecules with few e and show increasing strenth with more e . stronger in molecules whose shape mallows max surface contact between molecules

Question 8

temp diploes

Answer 8

Dispersion forces arise when the random motion of electrons in a molecule produces short-lived temporary dipoles, which can make nonpolar temporarily polar. These can cause nearby molecules to form similar dipoles called induced dipoles. The temp and induced dipole will experience a weak electrostatic attraction aka dispersion force. In the rapid state of change

Question 9

H bonds

Answer 9

Directional forces, h is with F O N. This is due to electrostatic attraction between lone pair of electrons of FON and H atom already covalently bonded to F O N . Extreme dipole, strong positive dipole of H (because of highly electronegative F O n ) is attracted to strong negative dipole of of another FON

Question 10

Physical properties

Answer 10

To melt/boil must overcome intermolecular forces. Heating gives ek to do so. As the strength of forces increases so too does the mp and bp. As mass increases, so does dispersion forces

Question 11

Equilibrium vapor pressure

Answer 11

Is a measure of the tendency of a substrate to evaporate. When evap, molecules must overcome inter forces, therefore, weak forces mean high vp.

Question 12

Water

Answer 12

Has a weak disp force (small) but high by because of strong polarity and tendency to hbond. Density in solid is lower than when liquid. Due to its irregular crystal lattice when frozen, Arranged in a way in which water can have 4 hbonds with a neighbor and takes up less space (less bese) than a random arrangement of it as a liquid. As a result, it expands when freezes become less dense

Question 13

Waters high surface tension

Answer 13

Liquids tend to resist increased sa, which gives water the appearance of “stretchy skin” that wants to contract. As explained via strong intermolecular forces, at surfaces there is an imbalance of forces causing the surface to be pulled in towards the bulk of water. The surface is trying to contract and make min area. This is why circles, it has small SA TO V. Gravity makes it droplets