Dimorphic Fungi Flashcards
What is the etiological agent(s) of Blastomycosis?
Blastomyces dermatitidis
What is the etiological agent(s) of Histoplasmosis?
Histoplasma capsulatum
What is the etiological agent(s) of coccidioidomycosis?
Coccidioides immitis
Coccidioides posadasii
What is the etiological agent(s) of Paracoccidioidomycosis?
Paracoccidioides brasilienis
Paracoccidioides lutzi
What are the endemic regions of Blastomycosis?
Ohio, Mississippi & St. Lawrence river valleys
Great Lakes
Appalachians
What are the endemic regions of Histoplasmosis?
Ohio, & Mississippi river valleys
Latin America
What are the endemic regions of coccidioidomycosis?
West Texas, Southwest U.S., Northern Mexico, Desert New Mexico, Arizona, California
What are the endemic regions of Paracoccidioidomycosis?
Mexico, Central & South America
Greatest in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
Of the South American countries, where is Paracoccidioidomycosis not found?
Chile & Nicaragua
Describe the Saprobic cells of Blastomycosis
Conidia hyphae
- one-celled
- smooth-walled
Describe the Saprobic cells of Histoplasmosis
Ramified hyphae with Micro- and Macroconidia
- Single, round & has short nodules
Describe the Saprobic cells of coccidioidomycosis
Arthoconidia hyphae
Describe the Saprobic cells of Paracoccidioidomycosis
Hyphae with a cork-like spore
Describe the parasitic cells of Blastomycosis
Yeast
- Large cells
- Thick walls
- Wide bud base
Describe the parasitic cells of Histoplasmosis
Yeast
- small intracellular (typically in macrophages)
Describe the parasitic cells of coccidioidomycosis
Spherule
Describe the parasitic cells of Paracoccidioidomycosis
Yeast with multiple budding sites (steering wheel)
What are the transition requirements for Histoplasma capsulatum?
Temperature
Sulfur
low redox potential
How does Blastomycosis reproduce inside the host?
Asexual budding
How does Histoplasmosis reproduce inside the host?
Asexual budding
How does coccidioidomycosis reproduce inside the host?
Asexual endosporulation
How does Paracoccidioidomycosis reproduce inside the host?
Asexual budding multipolar
What is the route of infection for Blastomycosis?
Inhalation of infectious particles
What is the route of infection for Histoplasmosis?
Inhalation of infectious particles
What is the route of infection for coccidioidomycosis?
Inhalation of infectious particles
What is the route of infection for Paracoccidioidomycosis?
Maybe contact with the oropharyngeal mucosal or inhalation of infectious particles
What are the clinical manifestations of Blastomycosis?
- Pulmonary infection
- Dissemination
- Subcutaneous Nodules
- Ulcerations of the Skin
What are the clinical manifestations of Histoplasmosis?
- Pulmonary infection
- Dissemination
- TB-like Mucosal & Nodule lesions
- Lung Calcifications
What are the clinical manifestations of coccidioidomycosis?
- Pulmonary infection
- Dissemination
- Desert Arthritis
What are the clinical manifestations of Paracoccidioidomycosis?
- Pulmonary infection
- Dissemination
- Mucosal Lesions
- Ulcers & Crusting of the Skin
What is the ratio of Males to Females infected with Blastomycosis?
10:1 favoring men
What is the ratio of Males to Females infected with Histoplasmosis?
10:1 favoring middle-aged white men
What is the ratio of Males to Females infected with coccidioidomycosis?
comparable rates in both sexes
- favor pregnant women in their 3rd trimester
What is the ratio of Males to Females infected with Paracoccidioidomycosis?
95% Men, 5% of women
What are the things that would increase the risk of contracting Blastomycosis?
- Forest Cutters
- Outdoor Sports
What are the things that would increase the risk of contracting Histoplasmosis?
- working in contaminated soil with bird or bat droppings
- Immuno suppressed
What are the things that would increase the risk of contracting coccidioidomycosis?
- working/living in dry, arid regions of endemic areas
- women in their 3rd trimester
- Immuno suppressed
What are the things that would increase the risk of contracting Paracoccidioidomycosis?
- Agricultural related occupation
- rural residency
- smoking & drinking
- IL-12 gene mutation
Diagnosis for Blastomycosis
- Microscopy exam
- Culture
- serology
- PCR
Diagnosis for Histoplasmosis
- Direct Examination of a tissue sample
- Culture
- Serology
- Skin test
Diagnosis for coccidioidomycosis
- Skin test
- Serology
- Microscopic detection of cells in body fluids, exudates, sputum or biopsy-tissue
- Radiographs of the lungs
Diagnosis for Paracoccidioidomycosis
- Histopathology of granulomas
- radiographs of the lungs
- Serology
how to treat Blastomycosis
- Amphotericin B
- Itraconazole
how to treat Histoplasmosis
- Amphotericin B
- Itraconazole
how to treat coccidioidomycosis
- Amphotericin B with Triazole
- Azoles like fluconazle
how to treat Paracoccidioidomycosis
- Amphotericin B with sulfa- or azoles
- Itraconazole
- Fluconazole
- Ketoconazole
Why would you not want to use Itraconazole during a fungal infection that is causing meningitis?
it does not cross the blood-brain barrier
