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Digital gov exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Two mechanisms to create and manage trust

A
  1. Process-based trust
  2. Insitution-based trust
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2
Q

How is process based trust managed

A

Through repeated exchanges with a government (e.g. Can symbolize that government is accessible and responsive)

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3
Q

What is institution-based trust

A

General judgement of government institutions which is not based on direct interactions necessarily
(e.g. Conformance with social expectations can improve reputation of government

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4
Q

What is a goal of Digital government

A

Use ICT to transform the relationship between government and society

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5
Q

What are the 2 main reform paradigms

A
  1. Participatory approach
  2. Managerial Approach
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6
Q

What is the participatory approach?

A

Use of information communication technologies to improve political processes (e.g e-voting, e-participation etc)

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7
Q

What is the managerial approach?

A

Use of information communication technologies to improve delivery of public services

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8
Q

What are the main aspects of the Digital Government Development models - catalogue

A

Catalogue, Prescence, Interaction, Two-way communication, transaction, participation, Integration

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9
Q

How are the models similar?

A
  1. Describe and predict a “stepwise” and “progressive” evolution
  2. Focus on supply/government side
  3. Delineate an increasing sophistication of digital governments (provide web presence and interacting tools)
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10
Q

Describe the Baum and Maio model

A

The development of digital governments fundamentally changes the relationship between government and citizens.
^Transformation –> ^cost and usefulness –> ^complexity and integration

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11
Q

What is the trajecting turning point theory

A

A theory characterised by the alternation between trajectories and turning points.

A transition towards e-gov is undpredictable, “goals must be continuously re-adjusted”

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12
Q

6 steps of the policy making process

A
  1. Issue Emerging
  2. Agenda Setting
  3. Alternative Selection
  4. Enactment
  5. Implementation
  6. Evaluation
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13
Q

Issue Emerging

A

Point at which issue is visible due to increased activism, national policy seeking implementation and when rewriting of policy needs to occur

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14
Q

Agenda Setting

A

Process by which problems and alternative solutions gain or lose public/elite attention
Groups make effort to gain or reduce attention

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15
Q

Alternative Selection

A

Analysis and scientific construction of policy alternatives

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16
Q

Enactment

A

Act of putting a decision into effect (when parliment votes on an issue)

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17
Q

Implementation

A

Administration implements decision

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18
Q

Evaluation

A

Evaluate if policy is working according to initial assumptions

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19
Q

Main principles of democracy

A
  1. Free and fair elections
  2. Representative assemblies
  3. Accountable executives
  4. A politically neutral public administration
  5. Pluralism
  6. Respect for human rights
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20
Q

Goal of Direct Democracy

A

All citizens have an equal and direct say in political decisons that affect their lives

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21
Q

Assumption of Direct Democracy

A

Nothing more desirable than the opportunity for all to share power in a sovereign state

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22
Q

Challenges to Direct Democracy

A
  1. Geographical barriers
  2. Citizen incapacity
  3. Voter self interest
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23
Q

Major elements of representative democracy

A
  1. Pluralistic competition
  2. Participation
  3. Civil and Political liberties
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24
Q

Pluralistic Competition

A

Among parties and individuals for all positions of gov power

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25
Q

Participation

A

Among equal citizens in selecting of political representatives

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26
Q

Civil and Political Liberties

A

To speak, publish, assemble and organize as necessary conditions to ensure effective competition and participation

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27
Q

What does “represent”

A

Indicates importance of conversation between represented and representative

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28
Q

Problems of a representative democracy

A
  1. Centralisation of Power in elected reps
  2. Clash of interest as dependent on political parties, electorate
  3. Representatives can only be voted out periodically
  4. Extra electoral participation
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29
Q

History of internet

A

Started by US military –> evolved into WWW

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30
Q

Main roles of internet

A
  1. Information
  2. Connectivity
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31
Q

Main impacts of internet

A
  1. Should technological advances turn the world into a virtual village, then rep government would cease to be necessary as is
  2. Admission of all to share in the sovereign power of the state might become feasible
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32
Q

What is push-button democracy

A

A version of direct democracy where citizens can vote on each issue from their computer

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33
Q

Problems of push-button democracy

A
  1. Digital Divide
  2. Quality of Participation (voters putting little energy into voting when doing it online)
  3. Vote solicitation
  4. Place of voting has symbolic meaning
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34
Q

What is digital sclerosis

A

“Stiffening of work, usually caused by a replacement of the normal human work with digital work”

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35
Q

What causes digital sclerosis

A
  1. Social Media
  2. Robotics
  3. AI
  4. Gig Economy
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36
Q

Early warning signs of digital sclerosis

A
  1. Decreased bargaining power/discretion of employees.
  2. Extended workplace in time and space (Workers responsible 24/7)
  3. Panopticonization: violation of employee’s or citizen
  4. Increased monitoring capacity
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37
Q

Preventing mechanisms of digital sclerosis

A
  1. Policy makers and system developers need to be aware of challenges
  2. Policy responses are needed to empower citizens and workers
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38
Q

Responses to digital schelrosis

A
  1. Automation
  2. Participation
  3. Life
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39
Q

What are the 4 government paradigms

A
  1. Bureaucratic
  2. Consumerist
  3. Participatory
  4. Platform paradigms
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40
Q

Bureaucratic

A

Partial applicaiton of rules and regulations by administration to exercise its authority over citizens

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41
Q

Main elements of bureaucratic (diagram)

A
  1. Administration
  2. Citizens
  3. Policy
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42
Q

Consumerist Paradigm

A

Through provision of public services, by administration to fulfil the needs of citizens

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43
Q

Participatory Paradigm

A

To responsibility-sharing between administration and citizens for policy and services processes

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44
Q

Platform paradigm

A

Administration empowering citizens to create public value by themselves through socio-technical systems that bring data, services, technologies and people together to respond to changing societal needs

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45
Q

Rule of Law

A
  • A legal-political regime under which the law restrains government by promotion certain liberties and creating order and predictability regarding how a country functions
  • Protects the right of citizens from abusive power of government
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46
Q

8 elements of rule of law

A
  1. Laws must exist
  2. Laws must be published
  3. Laws must be prospective
  4. Laws should written with reasonable clarity
  5. Laws must avoid contradictions
  6. Laws must not command the impossible
  7. Laws must stay constant
  8. Official action should be consistent with rule
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47
Q

Functions of rule of law

A
  • Basis on which parties can make agreements
  • Helps set “rules of game” in areas like investments, property and contracts
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48
Q

Public Administration and Rule of Law

A

If administration wants to improve public service delivery, typical legal agreements necessary

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49
Q

Article of German Gov

A

Article 20, para 3 - “legislation bound by constitutional order”

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50
Q

Functions of public administration

A
  1. Public Order (law enforcement)
  2. Internal administration (staff departments etc)
  3. Political adminstration (Guidelines and research for political offices)
  4. Public services (school, hospitals etc)
  5. Economic management - public assets and income (procurement agency, transport agency)
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51
Q

New Public Management (NPM)

A

Managerial change based on importing central concepts from modern business practices into the public sector

(Orientated towards outcome and efficiency, through better management and public budget)

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52
Q

3 chief integrating themes of NPM

A
  1. Competiton
  2. Incentivization
  3. Disaggregation (Splitting up public sector hierarchies)
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53
Q

Reasons to move to Digital e-government

A
  1. Growth of internet
  2. Generalization of IT systems
  3. “Changes in info systems and alterations in citizens behaviour, partly shaped by gov IT and organisational changes, are the key pathways by which alterations in public sector reforms are accomplished
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54
Q

3 main integrating systems of DEG:

A
  1. Reintegration (putting back together elements NPM separated out)
  2. Need-based holism (Seeks to change entire agencies and their clients, more flexible gov, together gov)
  3. Digitisation changes (Transition to fully digital operations, “agency becomes its website”
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55
Q

Advantage of one stop gov

A

Ability to obtain diverse services in a timely user-friendly manner

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56
Q

Goal of one-stop government

A

More efficient customer orientated delivery of public services to save taxpayer time and money

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57
Q

Challenges of one-stop government

A
  1. Interoperability (with amount of stakeholders, coordination and standarization is needed)
  2. Legally binding transaction
    (Electronic transactions require verification)
  3. Demand side (Digital Divide, Resistance to using digital channel)
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58
Q

Main elements of open government

A
  1. Open Data (easy access to data)
  2. Open participation (citizens can participate through media)
  3. Open collaboration
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59
Q

Challenges of open government

A

Open data - lack of timlieness
Open participation - public conversation getting out of control
Open collaboration - Lack of accountability and responsibility

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60
Q

D5 Initiative

A

Countries working towards principals of digital development

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61
Q

Government crisis response related to COVID 19

A
  1. Identification
  2. Isolation
  3. Quarantine
62
Q

China response

A
  1. Identification - Use tech to indentify infection
  2. Isolation - Use tech to raise awareness
  3. Quarantine - tech imposed lockdowns
63
Q

Western Response

A
  1. Identification - Consensus building to access anonoymous and aggregated data
  2. Isolation Lack of coordination between governments leading to efficient isolation
  3. Quarantine - Tech assisted and manual lockdowns
64
Q

Digital Market Act goals

A
  • Strengthen business owners who depend on gatekeepers
  • Strengthen consumers so they have services to choose from and can easily switch providers
  • Tech startups receive new perspectives to compete and innovate in their online platform environment
65
Q

DMA defines gatekeepers if:

A
  1. They have a strong economic position and a significant impact on the internal market
  2. Function as an intermediator and operate important gateways
  3. Enjoy an entrenched durable position in the market
66
Q

Dos for gatekeepers

A
  1. Allow 3rd parties to inter-operate with the gatekeeper’s services in certain situations
  2. Allow business users to access the data they generate on the gatekeeper’s platfomr
  3. Provide companies advertising on their platform with tools and infos to carry out verification of ads hosted by gatekeeper
  4. Allow business users to conclude contraacts with customers outside the gatekeeper’s platform
67
Q

Don’ts for gatekeepers

A
  1. Treat services provided by gatekeeper itself more favorable than others
  2. Prevent customers from linking up to businesses outside their platforms
  3. Prevent users fron un-installing pre-existing software (e.g. google maps)
68
Q

Goal of DSA

A

Foster innovation, growth and competitiveness and facilitate the scaling up of smaller platforms, SMEs and startups

69
Q

Main impacts of DSA

A

For users –> ^choice, decrease prices, online sagety
For businesses –> same as users
For society –> Greater democratic control and oversight over systemic platforms, mitigation of systemic risk

70
Q

AI act done in order to…

A
  1. Ensure AL systems are safe and respect existing law
  2. Ensure legal certainty to facilitate innovation in AI
  3. Facilitate development of a single market for trustworthy AI applications
  4. Prevent market fragmentation
71
Q

4 basic roles government play in AI

A
  1. Enabler
  2. Leader
  3. User
  4. Regulator
72
Q

What is the Capacity approach

A

Focuses on the real freedoms that people have for leading a valuable life

73
Q

What are the key concepts of the capability approach

A

Infrastructure (means) –> individual conversion factors –> capability set (freedom to achieve) –> Choice –> Achieved functionings

74
Q

Challenge of internet and capability approach

A

Digitial Divide: Inequality regarding internet access limits people’s opportunities to:
find jobs, access online gov info etc

75
Q

Definiton of digital divide

A

Refers to inequality regarding access to ICT between advantaged and disadvantaged groups

76
Q

What does ICT encompass

A

Computers, internet, software etc.
- Short innovation life cycles

77
Q

What does ICT refer to

A

All technological means giving people access to digital content and services

78
Q

What are the dimensions of access

A

Motivational Access -> Material access -> Skill access -> Usage access

79
Q

Motivational Dimension

A

Is ICT relevant to your interests or purposes?

80
Q

Material Dimension

A

Do you have a computer or an internet connection?

81
Q

Usage Access

A

How often do you use ICT

82
Q

Main distinguished advantaged and disadvantaged groups

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Income
  4. Education
83
Q

Aspects of factors

A
  1. Economic capital (eco capacity to purchase ICT?)
  2. Social capital (Social network have expertise in ICT?)
  3. Cultural Capital (Are you socialised into information society?)
84
Q

European Digital Agenda

A
  1. Focus on better access for consumers and businesses to digital goods and services across Europe
  2. Focuses on profound changes induced by digital tech and essential role of digital services and markets
85
Q

Digital Compass main aspects

A
  1. Skills - 20 million ICT specialists and 80% of population have basic digital skills
  2. Infrastructure - 5G everywhere and 10,000 climate neutral highly secure edge nodes
  3. Business - 75% of EU companies using AI and more than 90% of SMEs reach basic level
  4. Government - 100% citizens have access to medical records and 80% citizens using digital ID
86
Q

Goal of the Digital Action Plan

A

Promoting development of high-performance digital education ecosystem and improving skills relating to digital transformation

87
Q

2 strategic priorities of Digital Ed plan

A

1 Fostering the development of a high performing digital education ecosystem
2. Enhancing digital skills and competences for the digital transformation

88
Q

Main consequences for digital government

A
  1. Maintaining offline channels
  2. Accessibility
  3. Monitor political sentiments
89
Q

Main authenticity and integrity aspects

A
  1. Electronic Signature
  2. Legal effectiveness of the fax
90
Q

Main challenges of E signature

A
  1. Standardization
  2. Costs for devices
  3. Acceptance
  4. Trust
91
Q

2 types of e signatures

A
  1. Advanced - (e.g. PDF advanced E-signature)
  2. Qualified (Based on a qualified certificate produced by a QSCD)
92
Q

Main aspect of the legal effectiveness of the fax

A
  • Faxes are commonly now sent over the internet
  • Exact path of data transmission can’t be verified and declarations by fax aren’t legally binding when a handwritten signature is required
93
Q

Principles of data protection?

A
  1. Accuracy (e.g. Info on persons who have been erroneously registered in wanted lists of police forces should be eliminated
  2. Lawfulness and Fairness (e.g. Info on persons shouldn’t be collected unfairly)
  3. Purpose-specification (e.g. no systematic analysis of behaviour profiles)
  4. Interested-person access (Facebook faces flood of access requests)
  5. Nondiscrimination (Info on race, sexual orientation etc)
94
Q

2 phases of the secure sockets layer protocol

A
  1. Handshake phase - Authenticates server/client - establishes cryptographic keys that are use to protect data
  2. Data transfer phase - Client/Server transfer data using the encryption established in handshake phase
95
Q

Steps of secure sockets layer protocol

A
  1. Client says hello to server
  2. Serve says hello
  3. Server sends certificate to client
  4. Client authenticates server using server’s certificate
  5. Client generates random value and encrypts it
  6. Serve sends private key to decrypt
96
Q

What does the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) do?

A

Revises a number of areas, amongst others the rights of the data subject
- Right to erasure
- Right to data portability

97
Q

Role of GDPR and CCPA

A

Serve as a model for countries to help protect privacy rights and enable consumers to better protect personal data

98
Q

Goals of the Online Access Act

A
  1. All administrative services have to be accessible via internet by end of 2022
  2. Users have to be able to use an account across platforms
  3. Possible to federally mandate software and basic services and electronically implement standards, interfaces and security requirements
99
Q

Challenges of the Online Access Act

A
  1. All levels of government working towards same goal
  2. European Dimension
100
Q

What is the vision of online public service delivery

A

Online one-stop government

101
Q

What is the concept of online-one-stop government

A
  • Public services: 24 hrs a day, from anywhere, through a single point of contact, presented according to customers’ needs and understanding
  • Shift to process-orientation: life event principle
102
Q

E-government service marketplace (eGovSM)

A

Provides citizen-orientated services whenever needed

103
Q

Main advantages of eGOvSM

A
  1. By its design the eGovSM provides the possibility of integrating highly heterogeneous public administrations into one approach
  2. Differentiation along the technical ability of concrete administrations
  3. “Positive” selection along the quality of service
  4. Legacy applications and nontechnical administrations may participate anyway
104
Q

Best practices of one-stop gov

A
  • BayernPortal
  • Denmark
  • Austria
105
Q

What doe BayernPortal provide?

A

Info regarding:
- Planning, Financing, Industry Info, procedure, responsibility authority, link to forms and online services of responsibility authority

106
Q

What does Denmark’s system provide? (portal borger.dk)

A

All services in 1 place including:
1. Residence formalities
2. Documents
3. Car rego
4. Healthcare
5. Info on energy supply

107
Q

What does Austria’s system provide?
(oesterreich.gv.at)

A

Change of residence, Applying for voting card, Digital Babypoint, Passport Reminder Service, Mobile phone signature, Single-Sign-On (SSO), Chatbot

108
Q

Advantage of Austria’s system

A

Advantages:
- Everything from a single source
- Save time/costs
- Around the clock
- Privacy/Security

109
Q

Why is Interoperability (ability of software to make use of info) important?

A

Perquisite for and a facilitator of efficient public service delivery

110
Q

What is an interoperability framework?

A

Agreed approach to interoperability for organisations that wish to work together towards the joint delivery of public services

111
Q

How can intereoperability be increased in the public sector

A

Maturity levels of interoperability

112
Q

What are the maturity levels of interoperability

A
  1. Computer interoperability
  2. Proces interoperability
  3. Knowledge Interoperability
  4. Value interoperability
  5. Goal interoperability
113
Q

What are network externalities

A

If utility of each consumer increases with an increase in the total consumers purchasing same brand

114
Q

Direct network externalities

A

If adoption by users is complementary , a good or service can develop direct network effects as each user’s adoption pays off, and the incentive to adopt increases.
Example email, telecom networks

115
Q

Indirect network externalities

A

Arise through improved opportunities to trade with other side of market. Attracts more sellers
Example: Operating system (Mac OS). Extra user of operating system indirectly affects other users by rising demand for complementary goods

116
Q

What is Critical Mass

A

Defined as minimal nonzero equilibrium size of a network good/service

117
Q

Main elements of Exchange standard adoption model

A

External pressure, perceived benefits, readiness

118
Q

Main practical implications of Standard Adoption Model

A
  1. Federal legislation should increase pressure on software companies
  2. Financial incentives must be given to municipalities
  3. Guarantee that data exchange standards are legally safe
  4. Legal pressure exercised to use common data exchange standards
  5. Data exchange standards developed that show improvement
119
Q

What is GaaP?

A

An approach concerning the digital transformation of the public sector and addressing interoperability.

120
Q

5 barriers of GaaP

A
  1. Difficulty in defining what “GaaP” means in practice
  2. Difficulty in communicating approach to stakeholders
  3. Difficulty in defining boundaries of the platform
  4. Difficulty in establishing platform thinking
  5. Difficulty in making fundamental changes with limited resources
121
Q

Elements of the Ope Gov Maturity Model

A
  1. Initial conditions (info broadcasting)
  2. Open data (transparency of gov processes and performance
  3. Open participation
  4. Open collaboration
  5. Ubiquitous engagement
122
Q

Main areas of Open gov Data

A
  1. Geographic data
  2. Tourist info
  3. Stats and business data
  4. Weather info
123
Q

Means for open participation and collaboration

A
  1. Wiki
  2. Social Networking
    3.Contest (rewards for solving problems.- Nova Scotia Open Data Contest)
  3. Social voting (Allows people to post ideas and make comments on other’s) (e.g. Schwabisch Gmund - poll for naming a tunnel
124
Q

Distinguishing factor between private and public manager

A
  1. Private - Value propositon is aligned with both financial performance and organizational survival
  2. Public - Value proposition not aligned with neither of above
125
Q

Characteristics of a smart city

A

Smart Living –> Smart economy –> Smart people –> Smart governance –> Smart mobility –> Smart environment –>

126
Q

3 main categories of Citizen participation inde the CitiVoice framework

A
  1. Citizen as democratic participants
  2. Citizens as co creators
  3. Citizens as ICT users
127
Q

3 ways which citizens have an impact on decision-making

A
  1. Citizen selection (participants’ representativeness considered)
  2. Agreement on the goals of the smart city strategy
  3. Correlation between participation activities and achievement goals (interaction between citizens and other actors)
128
Q

3 ways which make citizens co creators

A
  1. Direct Interaction
  2. Living Lab
  3. Online platforms
129
Q

3 ways which make citizens ICT users

A
  1. Evaluation tool
  2. Governance tool
    Comparison and creativity tool
130
Q

4 main privacy challenges for smart city concepts

A
  1. Personal Data used for service purposes (data used to monitor demographic patterns
  2. Personal data used for surveillance purposes (e.g. facial recognition by CCTV)
  3. Impersonal data used for surveillance purposes
  4. Impersonal data collected for service purposes
131
Q

Main impacts of e-procurement

A
  1. Significant cost saving for public administrators
    - Reduced communication costs
    - Reduced process costs
    - Reduced product costs
    - Reduced inventory levels
  2. Better service delivery
    - Improved process transparency
  3. Fair and transparent competiton
132
Q

Main principles of the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)

A
  1. Non-discrimination: contracting authorities require treating products, services and suppliers of all parties equally
  2. Transparency: Each party must publish laws, regulations and stats about public procurement activities
133
Q

Main aspects of EU directive

A
  • Contains key principles for awarding public contracts and fair competition
  • Allows fed gov to define more detailed regulations about awarding public contracts by passing further admin orders
134
Q

EU tendering procedures

A
  1. Open procedure
  2. Restricted procedure
  3. Negotiated procedure
  4. Design contest
135
Q

Main elements of catalogue platform

A
  • Informal - Direct purchases and orders based on framework contract
  • Used for purchase of books/stationary
  • E-ordering, E-catalogue
136
Q

Main elements of tendering platform

A
  • Formal - EU/national procedures
  • Used for construction works, consulting services
  • E-noticing, E-access, E-submission
137
Q

Centralization positives

A
  • Can accumulate agency’s purchase and negotiate volume discounts
  • Concrete profressional procurement expertise
  • High decison info costs
  • Low agency costs
138
Q

Decentralisation positives

A
  • Can’t accumulate agency’s purchase and negotiate volume discounts
  • No concentration of procurement competence
  • Low decison info costs
  • High agency costs
139
Q

IT Centralization positives

A
  • Due to homogenous legal framework, applications required are similar
  • If public administration is seen as 1 entity, most efficient
140
Q

IT arguments for multiple platforms

A
  • Gov is such a complex agency that 1 system can’t satisfy all requirements
  • Central platforms are developed by private organisations (would be a monopoly)
141
Q

What are the voting requirements

A
  • Completeness
  • Soundness - dishonest voter can’t disrupt voting process
  • Privacy
  • Integrity
  • Anonymity
  • Unreusability
  • Eligibility
  • Fairness
  • Verifibility
142
Q

2 main types of e-voting

A
  1. Voting machines
  2. Internet voting
143
Q

Direct recording electronic

A
  • Touch-screen vote:
    Adv - Cost saving, Instant election results, Multilingualism
    Dis - No paper, internal voting mechanisms hidden from voter, tech failures
144
Q

Main critique of DRE

A

“Audit Gap” between voter’s finger and electronic medium on which votes are recorded

145
Q

Optical voting tech

A

Ballots filled out with electronic pen

146
Q

Main problem of optical voting tech

A

Risk of manipulators

147
Q

Benefits of internet voting

A
148
Q

Challenges of internet voting

A
  • Transition from voting in person to remote
  • Transition form postal to internet voting
149
Q

Main elements of i-voting Estonia

A

Voting possible 24/7during days of advance voting (4-10 days pre election)
- ID Card needed

150
Q

Main elements of Germany voting

A
  • Electronic voting combined with physical postal voting
  • QR code can be scanned with app
  • Ensures convenience effect
151
Q

Reasons why countries implement voting so differently

A
  1. Cultural differences
  2. Risk perceptions
  3. Politico-economic goals
152
Q

Arnstein ladder of e-participation

A
  1. Manipulation
  2. Therapy
  3. Informing
  4. Consultation
  5. Placation
  6. Partnership
  7. Delegated power
  8. Citizen control

Digital Gov (1 decks)

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