Digital gov exam Flashcards
1
Q
Two mechanisms to create and manage trust
A
- Process-based trust
- Insitution-based trust
2
Q
How is process based trust managed
A
Through repeated exchanges with a government (e.g. Can symbolize that government is accessible and responsive)
3
Q
What is institution-based trust
A
General judgement of government institutions which is not based on direct interactions necessarily
(e.g. Conformance with social expectations can improve reputation of government
4
Q
What is a goal of Digital government
A
Use ICT to transform the relationship between government and society
5
Q
What are the 2 main reform paradigms
A
- Participatory approach
- Managerial Approach
6
Q
What is the participatory approach?
A
Use of information communication technologies to improve political processes (e.g e-voting, e-participation etc)
7
Q
What is the managerial approach?
A
Use of information communication technologies to improve delivery of public services
8
Q
What are the main aspects of the Digital Government Development models - catalogue
A
Catalogue, Prescence, Interaction, Two-way communication, transaction, participation, Integration
9
Q
How are the models similar?
A
- Describe and predict a “stepwise” and “progressive” evolution
- Focus on supply/government side
- Delineate an increasing sophistication of digital governments (provide web presence and interacting tools)
10
Q
Describe the Baum and Maio model
A
The development of digital governments fundamentally changes the relationship between government and citizens.
^Transformation –> ^cost and usefulness –> ^complexity and integration
11
Q
What is the trajecting turning point theory
A
A theory characterised by the alternation between trajectories and turning points.
A transition towards e-gov is undpredictable, “goals must be continuously re-adjusted”
12
Q
6 steps of the policy making process
A
- Issue Emerging
- Agenda Setting
- Alternative Selection
- Enactment
- Implementation
- Evaluation
13
Q
Issue Emerging
A
Point at which issue is visible due to increased activism, national policy seeking implementation and when rewriting of policy needs to occur
14
Q
Agenda Setting
A
Process by which problems and alternative solutions gain or lose public/elite attention
Groups make effort to gain or reduce attention
15
Q
Alternative Selection
A
Analysis and scientific construction of policy alternatives
16
Q
Enactment
A
Act of putting a decision into effect (when parliment votes on an issue)
17
Q
Implementation
A
Administration implements decision
18
Q
Evaluation
A
Evaluate if policy is working according to initial assumptions
19
Q
Main principles of democracy
A
- Free and fair elections
- Representative assemblies
- Accountable executives
- A politically neutral public administration
- Pluralism
- Respect for human rights
20
Q
Goal of Direct Democracy
A
All citizens have an equal and direct say in political decisons that affect their lives
21
Q
Assumption of Direct Democracy
A
Nothing more desirable than the opportunity for all to share power in a sovereign state
22
Q
Challenges to Direct Democracy
A
- Geographical barriers
- Citizen incapacity
- Voter self interest
23
Q
Major elements of representative democracy
A
- Pluralistic competition
- Participation
- Civil and Political liberties
24
Q
Pluralistic Competition
A
Among parties and individuals for all positions of gov power
25
Participation
Among equal citizens in selecting of political representatives
26
Civil and Political Liberties
To speak, publish, assemble and organize as necessary conditions to ensure effective competition and participation
27
What does "represent"
Indicates importance of conversation between represented and representative
28
Problems of a representative democracy
1. Centralisation of Power in elected reps
2. Clash of interest as dependent on political parties, electorate
3. Representatives can only be voted out periodically
4. Extra electoral participation
29
History of internet
Started by US military --> evolved into WWW
30
Main roles of internet
1. Information
2. Connectivity
31
Main impacts of internet
1. Should technological advances turn the world into a virtual village, then rep government would cease to be necessary as is
2. Admission of all to share in the sovereign power of the state might become feasible
32
What is push-button democracy
A version of direct democracy where citizens can vote on each issue from their computer
33
Problems of push-button democracy
1. Digital Divide
2. Quality of Participation (voters putting little energy into voting when doing it online)
3. Vote solicitation
4. Place of voting has symbolic meaning
34
What is digital sclerosis
"Stiffening of work, usually caused by a replacement of the normal human work with digital work"
35
What causes digital sclerosis
1. Social Media
2. Robotics
3. AI
4. Gig Economy
36
Early warning signs of digital sclerosis
1. Decreased bargaining power/discretion of employees.
2. Extended workplace in time and space (Workers responsible 24/7)
3. Panopticonization: violation of employee's or citizen
4. Increased monitoring capacity
37
Preventing mechanisms of digital sclerosis
1. Policy makers and system developers need to be aware of challenges
2. Policy responses are needed to empower citizens and workers
38
Responses to digital schelrosis
1. Automation
2. Participation
3. Life
39
What are the 4 government paradigms
1. Bureaucratic
2. Consumerist
3. Participatory
4. Platform paradigms
40
Bureaucratic
Partial applicaiton of rules and regulations by administration to exercise its authority over citizens
41
Main elements of bureaucratic (diagram)
1. Administration
2. Citizens
3. Policy
42
Consumerist Paradigm
Through provision of public services, by administration to fulfil the needs of citizens
43
Participatory Paradigm
To responsibility-sharing between administration and citizens for policy and services processes
44
Platform paradigm
Administration empowering citizens to create public value by themselves through socio-technical systems that bring data, services, technologies and people together to respond to changing societal needs
45
Rule of Law
- A legal-political regime under which the law restrains government by promotion certain liberties and creating order and predictability regarding how a country functions
- Protects the right of citizens from abusive power of government
46
8 elements of rule of law
1. Laws must exist
2. Laws must be published
3. Laws must be prospective
4. Laws should written with reasonable clarity
5. Laws must avoid contradictions
6. Laws must not command the impossible
7. Laws must stay constant
8. Official action should be consistent with rule
47
Functions of rule of law
- Basis on which parties can make agreements
- Helps set "rules of game" in areas like investments, property and contracts
48
Public Administration and Rule of Law
If administration wants to improve public service delivery, typical legal agreements necessary
49
Article of German Gov
Article 20, para 3 - "legislation bound by constitutional order"
50
Functions of public administration
1. Public Order (law enforcement)
2. Internal administration (staff departments etc)
3. Political adminstration (Guidelines and research for political offices)
4. Public services (school, hospitals etc)
5. Economic management - public assets and income (procurement agency, transport agency)
51
New Public Management (NPM)
Managerial change based on importing central concepts from modern business practices into the public sector
(Orientated towards outcome and efficiency, through better management and public budget)
52
3 chief integrating themes of NPM
1. Competiton
2. Incentivization
3. Disaggregation (Splitting up public sector hierarchies)
53
Reasons to move to Digital e-government
1. Growth of internet
2. Generalization of IT systems
3. "Changes in info systems and alterations in citizens behaviour, partly shaped by gov IT and organisational changes, are the key pathways by which alterations in public sector reforms are accomplished
54
3 main integrating systems of DEG:
1. Reintegration (putting back together elements NPM separated out)
2. Need-based holism (Seeks to change entire agencies and their clients, more flexible gov, together gov)
3. Digitisation changes (Transition to fully digital operations, "agency becomes its website"
55
Advantage of one stop gov
Ability to obtain diverse services in a timely user-friendly manner
56
Goal of one-stop government
More efficient customer orientated delivery of public services to save taxpayer time and money
57
Challenges of one-stop government
1. Interoperability (with amount of stakeholders, coordination and standarization is needed)
2. Legally binding transaction
(Electronic transactions require verification)
3. Demand side (Digital Divide, Resistance to using digital channel)
58
Main elements of open government
1. Open Data (easy access to data)
2. Open participation (citizens can participate through media)
3. Open collaboration
59
Challenges of open government
Open data - lack of timlieness
Open participation - public conversation getting out of control
Open collaboration - Lack of accountability and responsibility
60
D5 Initiative
Countries working towards principals of digital development
61
Government crisis response related to COVID 19
1. Identification
2. Isolation
3. Quarantine
62
China response
1. Identification - Use tech to indentify infection
2. Isolation - Use tech to raise awareness
3. Quarantine - tech imposed lockdowns
63
Western Response
1. Identification - Consensus building to access anonoymous and aggregated data
2. Isolation Lack of coordination between governments leading to efficient isolation
3. Quarantine - Tech assisted and manual lockdowns
64
Digital Market Act goals
- Strengthen business owners who depend on gatekeepers
- Strengthen consumers so they have services to choose from and can easily switch providers
- Tech startups receive new perspectives to compete and innovate in their online platform environment
65
DMA defines gatekeepers if:
1. They have a strong economic position and a significant impact on the internal market
2. Function as an intermediator and operate important gateways
3. Enjoy an entrenched durable position in the market
66
Dos for gatekeepers
1. Allow 3rd parties to inter-operate with the gatekeeper's services in certain situations
2. Allow business users to access the data they generate on the gatekeeper's platfomr
3. Provide companies advertising on their platform with tools and infos to carry out verification of ads hosted by gatekeeper
4. Allow business users to conclude contraacts with customers outside the gatekeeper's platform
67
Don'ts for gatekeepers
1. Treat services provided by gatekeeper itself more favorable than others
2. Prevent customers from linking up to businesses outside their platforms
3. Prevent users fron un-installing pre-existing software (e.g. google maps)
68
Goal of DSA
Foster innovation, growth and competitiveness and facilitate the scaling up of smaller platforms, SMEs and startups
69
Main impacts of DSA
For users --> ^choice, decrease prices, online sagety
For businesses --> same as users
For society --> Greater democratic control and oversight over systemic platforms, mitigation of systemic risk
70
AI act done in order to...
1. Ensure AL systems are safe and respect existing law
2. Ensure legal certainty to facilitate innovation in AI
3. Facilitate development of a single market for trustworthy AI applications
4. Prevent market fragmentation
71
4 basic roles government play in AI
1. Enabler
2. Leader
3. User
4. Regulator
72
What is the Capacity approach
Focuses on the real freedoms that people have for leading a valuable life
73
What are the key concepts of the capability approach
Infrastructure (means) --> individual conversion factors --> capability set (freedom to achieve) --> Choice --> Achieved functionings
74
Challenge of internet and capability approach
Digitial Divide: Inequality regarding internet access limits people's opportunities to:
find jobs, access online gov info etc
75
Definiton of digital divide
Refers to inequality regarding access to ICT between advantaged and disadvantaged groups
76
What does ICT encompass
Computers, internet, software etc.
- Short innovation life cycles
77
What does ICT refer to
All technological means giving people access to digital content and services
78
What are the dimensions of access
Motivational Access -> Material access -> Skill access -> Usage access
79
Motivational Dimension
Is ICT relevant to your interests or purposes?
80
Material Dimension
Do you have a computer or an internet connection?
81
Usage Access
How often do you use ICT
82
Main distinguished advantaged and disadvantaged groups
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Income
4. Education
83
Aspects of factors
1. Economic capital (eco capacity to purchase ICT?)
2. Social capital (Social network have expertise in ICT?)
3. Cultural Capital (Are you socialised into information society?)
84
European Digital Agenda
1. Focus on better access for consumers and businesses to digital goods and services across Europe
2. Focuses on profound changes induced by digital tech and essential role of digital services and markets
85
Digital Compass main aspects
1. Skills - 20 million ICT specialists and 80% of population have basic digital skills
2. Infrastructure - 5G everywhere and 10,000 climate neutral highly secure edge nodes
3. Business - 75% of EU companies using AI and more than 90% of SMEs reach basic level
4. Government - 100% citizens have access to medical records and 80% citizens using digital ID
86
Goal of the Digital Action Plan
Promoting development of high-performance digital education ecosystem and improving skills relating to digital transformation
87
2 strategic priorities of Digital Ed plan
1 Fostering the development of a high performing digital education ecosystem
2. Enhancing digital skills and competences for the digital transformation
88
Main consequences for digital government
1. Maintaining offline channels
2. Accessibility
3. Monitor political sentiments
89
Main authenticity and integrity aspects
1. Electronic Signature
2. Legal effectiveness of the fax
90
Main challenges of E signature
1. Standardization
2. Costs for devices
3. Acceptance
4. Trust
91
2 types of e signatures
1. Advanced - (e.g. PDF advanced E-signature)
2. Qualified (Based on a qualified certificate produced by a QSCD)
92
Main aspect of the legal effectiveness of the fax
- Faxes are commonly now sent over the internet
- Exact path of data transmission can't be verified and declarations by fax aren't legally binding when a handwritten signature is required
93
Principles of data protection?
1. Accuracy (e.g. Info on persons who have been erroneously registered in wanted lists of police forces should be eliminated
2. Lawfulness and Fairness (e.g. Info on persons shouldn't be collected unfairly)
3. Purpose-specification (e.g. no systematic analysis of behaviour profiles)
4. Interested-person access (Facebook faces flood of access requests)
5. Nondiscrimination (Info on race, sexual orientation etc)
94
2 phases of the secure sockets layer protocol
1. Handshake phase - Authenticates server/client - establishes cryptographic keys that are use to protect data
2. Data transfer phase - Client/Server transfer data using the encryption established in handshake phase
95
Steps of secure sockets layer protocol
1. Client says hello to server
2. Serve says hello
3. Server sends certificate to client
4. Client authenticates server using server's certificate
5. Client generates random value and encrypts it
6. Serve sends private key to decrypt
96
What does the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) do?
Revises a number of areas, amongst others the rights of the data subject
- Right to erasure
- Right to data portability
97
Role of GDPR and CCPA
Serve as a model for countries to help protect privacy rights and enable consumers to better protect personal data
98
Goals of the Online Access Act
1. All administrative services have to be accessible via internet by end of 2022
2. Users have to be able to use an account across platforms
3. Possible to federally mandate software and basic services and electronically implement standards, interfaces and security requirements
99
Challenges of the Online Access Act
1. All levels of government working towards same goal
2. European Dimension
100
What is the vision of online public service delivery
Online one-stop government
101
What is the concept of online-one-stop government
- Public services: 24 hrs a day, from anywhere, through a single point of contact, presented according to customers' needs and understanding
- Shift to process-orientation: life event principle
102
E-government service marketplace (eGovSM)
Provides citizen-orientated services whenever needed
103
Main advantages of eGOvSM
1. By its design the eGovSM provides the possibility of integrating highly heterogeneous public administrations into one approach
2. Differentiation along the technical ability of concrete administrations
3. "Positive" selection along the quality of service
4. Legacy applications and nontechnical administrations may participate anyway
104
Best practices of one-stop gov
- BayernPortal
- Denmark
- Austria
105
What doe BayernPortal provide?
Info regarding:
- Planning, Financing, Industry Info, procedure, responsibility authority, link to forms and online services of responsibility authority
106
What does Denmark's system provide? (portal borger.dk)
All services in 1 place including:
1. Residence formalities
2. Documents
3. Car rego
4. Healthcare
5. Info on energy supply
107
What does Austria's system provide?
(oesterreich.gv.at)
Change of residence, Applying for voting card, Digital Babypoint, Passport Reminder Service, Mobile phone signature, Single-Sign-On (SSO), Chatbot
108
Advantage of Austria's system
Advantages:
- Everything from a single source
- Save time/costs
- Around the clock
- Privacy/Security
109
Why is Interoperability (ability of software to make use of info) important?
Perquisite for and a facilitator of efficient public service delivery
110
What is an interoperability framework?
Agreed approach to interoperability for organisations that wish to work together towards the joint delivery of public services
111
How can intereoperability be increased in the public sector
Maturity levels of interoperability
112
What are the maturity levels of interoperability
1. Computer interoperability
2. Proces interoperability
3. Knowledge Interoperability
4. Value interoperability
5. Goal interoperability
113
What are network externalities
If utility of each consumer increases with an increase in the total consumers purchasing same brand
114
Direct network externalities
If adoption by users is complementary , a good or service can develop direct network effects as each user's adoption pays off, and the incentive to adopt increases.
Example email, telecom networks
115
Indirect network externalities
Arise through improved opportunities to trade with other side of market. Attracts more sellers
Example: Operating system (Mac OS). Extra user of operating system indirectly affects other users by rising demand for complementary goods
116
What is Critical Mass
Defined as minimal nonzero equilibrium size of a network good/service
117
Main elements of Exchange standard adoption model
External pressure, perceived benefits, readiness
118
Main practical implications of Standard Adoption Model
1. Federal legislation should increase pressure on software companies
2. Financial incentives must be given to municipalities
3. Guarantee that data exchange standards are legally safe
4. Legal pressure exercised to use common data exchange standards
5. Data exchange standards developed that show improvement
119
What is GaaP?
An approach concerning the digital transformation of the public sector and addressing interoperability.
120
5 barriers of GaaP
1. Difficulty in defining what "GaaP" means in practice
2. Difficulty in communicating approach to stakeholders
3. Difficulty in defining boundaries of the platform
4. Difficulty in establishing platform thinking
5. Difficulty in making fundamental changes with limited resources
121
Elements of the Ope Gov Maturity Model
1. Initial conditions (info broadcasting)
2. Open data (transparency of gov processes and performance
3. Open participation
4. Open collaboration
5. Ubiquitous engagement
122
Main areas of Open gov Data
1. Geographic data
2. Tourist info
3. Stats and business data
4. Weather info
123
Means for open participation and collaboration
1. Wiki
2. Social Networking
3.Contest (rewards for solving problems.- Nova Scotia Open Data Contest)
4. Social voting (Allows people to post ideas and make comments on other's) (e.g. Schwabisch Gmund - poll for naming a tunnel
124
Distinguishing factor between private and public manager
1. Private - Value propositon is aligned with both financial performance and organizational survival
2. Public - Value proposition not aligned with neither of above
125
Characteristics of a smart city
Smart Living --> Smart economy --> Smart people --> Smart governance --> Smart mobility --> Smart environment -->
126
3 main categories of Citizen participation inde the CitiVoice framework
1. Citizen as democratic participants
2. Citizens as co creators
3. Citizens as ICT users
127
3 ways which citizens have an impact on decision-making
1. Citizen selection (participants' representativeness considered)
2. Agreement on the goals of the smart city strategy
3. Correlation between participation activities and achievement goals (interaction between citizens and other actors)
128
3 ways which make citizens co creators
1. Direct Interaction
2. Living Lab
3. Online platforms
129
3 ways which make citizens ICT users
1. Evaluation tool
2. Governance tool
Comparison and creativity tool
130
4 main privacy challenges for smart city concepts
1. Personal Data used for service purposes (data used to monitor demographic patterns
2. Personal data used for surveillance purposes (e.g. facial recognition by CCTV)
3. Impersonal data used for surveillance purposes
4. Impersonal data collected for service purposes
131
Main impacts of e-procurement
1. Significant cost saving for public administrators
- Reduced communication costs
- Reduced process costs
- Reduced product costs
- Reduced inventory levels
2. Better service delivery
- Improved process transparency
3. Fair and transparent competiton
132
Main principles of the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)
1. Non-discrimination: contracting authorities require treating products, services and suppliers of all parties equally
2. Transparency: Each party must publish laws, regulations and stats about public procurement activities
133
Main aspects of EU directive
- Contains key principles for awarding public contracts and fair competition
- Allows fed gov to define more detailed regulations about awarding public contracts by passing further admin orders
134
EU tendering procedures
1. Open procedure
2. Restricted procedure
3. Negotiated procedure
4. Design contest
135
Main elements of catalogue platform
- Informal - Direct purchases and orders based on framework contract
- Used for purchase of books/stationary
- E-ordering, E-catalogue
136
Main elements of tendering platform
- Formal - EU/national procedures
- Used for construction works, consulting services
- E-noticing, E-access, E-submission
137
Centralization positives
- Can accumulate agency's purchase and negotiate volume discounts
- Concrete profressional procurement expertise
- High decison info costs
- Low agency costs
138
Decentralisation positives
- Can't accumulate agency's purchase and negotiate volume discounts
- No concentration of procurement competence
- Low decison info costs
- High agency costs
139
IT Centralization positives
- Due to homogenous legal framework, applications required are similar
- If public administration is seen as 1 entity, most efficient
140
IT arguments for multiple platforms
- Gov is such a complex agency that 1 system can't satisfy all requirements
- Central platforms are developed by private organisations (would be a monopoly)
141
What are the voting requirements
- Completeness
- Soundness - dishonest voter can't disrupt voting process
- Privacy
- Integrity
- Anonymity
- Unreusability
- Eligibility
- Fairness
- Verifibility
142
2 main types of e-voting
1. Voting machines
2. Internet voting
143
Direct recording electronic
- Touch-screen vote:
Adv - Cost saving, Instant election results, Multilingualism
Dis - No paper, internal voting mechanisms hidden from voter, tech failures
144
Main critique of DRE
"Audit Gap" between voter's finger and electronic medium on which votes are recorded
145
Optical voting tech
Ballots filled out with electronic pen
146
Main problem of optical voting tech
Risk of manipulators
147
Benefits of internet voting
148
Challenges of internet voting
- Transition from voting in person to remote
- Transition form postal to internet voting
149
Main elements of i-voting Estonia
Voting possible 24/7during days of advance voting (4-10 days pre election)
- ID Card needed
150
Main elements of Germany voting
- Electronic voting combined with physical postal voting
- QR code can be scanned with app
- Ensures convenience effect
151
Reasons why countries implement voting so differently
1. Cultural differences
2. Risk perceptions
3. Politico-economic goals
152
Arnstein ladder of e-participation
1. Manipulation
2. Therapy
3. Informing
4. Consultation
5. Placation
6. Partnership
7. Delegated power
8. Citizen control
