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Dental Radiology > Digital and Film Radiography > Flashcards

Digital and Film Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

what are the x-ray receptors used in digital radiography

A

phosphor plate
solid state sensor

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2
Q

what are the receptors used in film radiography

A

direct action film
indirect action film

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3
Q

what are the sizes of the phosphor plates

A

0,2,4

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4
Q

what is size 0 used for

A

anterior periapicals

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5
Q

what is size 2 used for

A

bitewings, posterior periapicals

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6
Q

what is size 4 used for

A

occlusal radiographs

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7
Q

what causes an x-ray shadow

A

the x-ray beam passes through an object and some of the x-ray photons are attenuated

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8
Q

what is an x-ray shadow

A

image held by x-ray photons after x-ray beam has passed through object

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9
Q

what is the interaction between the image receptor and the x-ray shadow

A

it detects the x-ray shadow and uses it to create an image

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10
Q

what does the receptor do

A

measures the x-ray intensity at defined areas

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11
Q

what is the digital image displayed as

A

grid of squares called pixels

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12
Q

what is the benefit of more pixels

A

better detail and higher resolution

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13
Q

what will increasing the resolution do

A

provide a more diagnostic image up to a limit

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14
Q

what is the issue with having more pixels

A

need more storage space so increased cost

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15
Q

how many bits are radiographs processed in

A

at least 8 bits

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16
Q

what do bits refer to

A

number of different shades of grey available

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17
Q

what does DICOM stand for

A

digital imaging and communications in medicine

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18
Q

what is DICOM

A

international standard format for handling digital medical images

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19
Q

what does DICOM allow for

A

imaging to work between different software, machines, manufacturers, hospitals, countries without compatibility issues

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20
Q

what does PACS stand for

A

picture archiving and communication system

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21
Q

what is PACS

A

medical imaging technology which provides storage and access to images

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22
Q

what are the main components of PACS

A

input by imaging modalities
secure network for the transmission of patient information
workstations for interpreting and reviewing images
archives for the storage and retrieval of images and reports

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23
Q

what kind of environment is needed to view digital radiographs

A

subdued lighting and avoiding glare

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24
Q

what should the monitor be like when viewing radiographs

A

clean, adequate display resolution, high enough brightness level, suitable contrast level

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25
Q

after taking an x-ray how do you process it with a phosphor plate

A

put it in a scanner

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26
Q

how are images created using phosphor plates

A

phosphor crystals in receptor excited by the x-ray energy, resulting in the creation of a latent image

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27
Q

what happens to the phosphor plate inside the scanner

A

laser energy causes excited phosphor crystals to emit visible light which is detected and creates a digital image

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28
Q

what are the 2 types of solid state sensor

A

CCD (charge coupled device)
CMOS (complimentary metal oxide semiconductor)

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29
Q

how are images created with a solid state sensor

A

latent image created and immediately read within the sensor itself

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30
Q

what is the purpose of the identification dot

A

aid orientation of image

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31
Q

what is used for cross infection with intra oral receptors

A

purpose made covers to prevent saliva contamination - single use

32
Q

what are the advantages of the phosphor plates

A

thinner, lighter, flexible
wireless and more stable

33
Q

what are the disadvantages of phosphor plates

A

variable room light sensitivity so risk of impaired image
latent image needs to be processed in scanner separately

34
Q

what are the disadvantages of solid state sensors

A

bulkier and rigid
wired
smaller active area

35
Q

what are the advantages of solid state sensors

A

more durable
no issues with room light control
more expensive

36
Q

what are the layers of the intra-oral film packet

A

radiographic film
protective black paper
lead foil
outer wrapper

37
Q

what is the purpose of the protective paper

A

protects film form light exposure, damage by fingers and saliva

38
Q

what is the purpose of the outer wrapper

A

prevents ingress of saliva
indicates which side of the packet is the front

39
Q

what is the purpose of the lead foil

A

absorbs some excess x-ray photons

40
Q

what is the purpose of the radiographic film

A

material in which the image is formed

41
Q

what is the radiographic film sensitive to

A

x-ray photons and visible light photons

42
Q

what is the photon reaction on radiographic film

A

photons interact with emulsion on film to produce latent image which only becomes visible after chemical processing

43
Q

what is the structure of the radiographic film

A

transparent plastic base
adhesive
emulsion
protective coating of clear gelatin

44
Q

what is the purpose of the transparent plastic base

A

supports emulsion

45
Q

what is the purpose of the adhesive

A

attaches emulsion to plastic base

46
Q

what is the purpose of the clear gelatin coating

A

shields the emulsion from mechanical damage

47
Q

what crystals are embedded in the gelatin binder of a radiographic emulsion

A

silver halide crystals

48
Q

what do crystals become

A

pixels of final image

49
Q

what is film higher resolution than digital

A

due to the microscopic crystals

50
Q

what happens to the silver halide crystals when in contact with x-rays

A

become sensitised

51
Q

what happens to the silver halide crystals during processing

A

converted to particles of black metallic silver and non-sensitised crystals removed

52
Q

what does the lead foil do

A

absorb some excess photons

53
Q

what is film speed

A

amount of x-ray exposure required to produce an adequate image

54
Q

what does increased film speed do

A

decrease radiation required to achieve an image

55
Q

what is film speed affected by

A

number and size of silver halide crystals

56
Q

what is the purpose of intensifying screens

A

reduce radiation dose but also reduce detail

57
Q

what do intensifying screens do

A

release visible light upon exposure to x-rays which creates latent image on film

58
Q

where must film processing be carried out

A

under controlled, standardised conditions to ensure consistent image quality

59
Q

what are the different methods of film processing

A

manual, automated
self developing

60
Q

what are the steps of film processing

A

developing
washing
fixing
washing
drying

61
Q

what is the developing phase of film processing

A

converts sensitised crystals to black metallic silver particles

62
Q

what is the first washing phase of film processing

A

removes residual developer solution

63
Q

what is the fixing phase of the film processing

A

removes non-sensitised crystals
hardens emulsion

64
Q

what is the second washing phase of film processing

A

removes residual fixer solution

65
Q

what is the drying phase of film processing

A

removes water so that film is ready to be stored

66
Q

what is involved in a manual cycle

A

person dips film into different tanks of chemicals at precise concentrations/temperatures for specific periods of time

67
Q

where must manual processing be carried out

A

in a dark room with light tightness and adequate ventilation

68
Q

what is involved in the automated processing cycle

A

steps carried out in a machine where film goes in one end and out the other

69
Q

how do you open a film packet for automated processing

A

disinfect packet
hold packet under hood of processor unit
peel back flap of outer wrapper
fold back lead foil
pull back paper flap
hold film by edges
insert film into processor

70
Q

what are the issues with developing

A

chemical reaction affected by time, temperature and concentration of solution
solution can oxidise in air and become less effective

71
Q

what are the causes of pale images

A

exposure issue (radiation exposure factors too low)
developing issue - film removed from solution too early/solution too cold/solution too dilate/old

72
Q

what are the issues with fixing

A

inadequate fixing means non-sensitised crystals left behind - can be greenish/milky and become brown

73
Q

what is the issues with washing

A

developer and fixer solution will continue to act if not washed

74
Q

what are the advantages of digital radiography

A

no need for chemical processing
easy storage and archiving
easy back up of images
images can be integrated into records
easy transfer/sharing of images
images can be manipulated

75
Q

what are the disadvantages of digital radiography

A

worse resolution
requires diagnostic level computer monitors for optimal viewing
risk of data corruption/loss
hard copy print outs have less image quality
image enhancement can create misleading images

Dental Radiology (16 decks)

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