DIGICOM QUIZ 1 Flashcards by Justin Miguel Reyes

MAN

Metropolitan Area Network

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WAN

Wide Area Network

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Physical Topology

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Extended Star Topology

Mesh Topology

Ring Topology

Hybrid Topology

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Enumerate the OSI Model

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

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Refers to two or more connected computers that can share resources such as data, a printer, an Internet connection, applications, or a combination of these resources.

Network

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LAN

Local Area Network

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Network Processes to
Applications

Data Representation

InterHost Communication

Application
Presentation
Session

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End To End Connections:
* Handles transportation issues
between hosts
* Ensures data transport reliability
* Establishes, maintains and
terminates virtual circuits
* Provides reliability through fault
detection and recovery
* Information flow control

Transport

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Data Delivery:
* Provides connectivity and path
selection between two host
systems
* Routes data packets
* Selects best path to deliver data
* The Network layer prioritizes data
known as Quality of Service (QoS)

Network

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Access to Media:
* Defines how data is formatted for
transmission and how access to
the network is controlled

Data Link

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Binary Transmission:
* Defines the electrical, mechanical,
procedural, and functional
specifications for activating,
maintaining, and deactivating the
physical link

Physical

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Physical Media Types

Twisted Pair

Coaxial

Fiber Optics

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is a device that repeats the signals it
receives on one port to all other ports. It is a central
connection point for several network devices.

Hub (Concentrator) or Repeater

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NIC

Network Interface Card

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It create, transmit, and receive
packets. This layer is also responsible for logical MAC
addressing and LLC processing, creating logical topologies,
and controlling media access.

Data Link Layer

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The network interface card address, called the hardware address, is protocol-independent and is usually assigned at the factory. This address is technically called the ____________ because it is found on the MAC sub layer of the Data Link layer.

MAC Address

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The Data Link layer is manipulated by two devices: bridges and switches. These are more complex and more expensive than their Physical layer counterparts, but they do have advantages.

Data Link Devices

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When it examines the data link header for the MAC address of the destination station and forwards it to the correct port. This opens a path between ports that can use the full bandwidth of the topology.

Switch

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Provides connectivity and path selection
between two host systems that may be located on
geographically separated networks

Network Layer

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is a standard that defines the manner in which the network layers of two hosts interact. IP addresses are 32 bit long, hierarchical addressing scheme.

IP (Internet Protocol)

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The devices that operate at the Network layer are:

Router, Layer 3 Switch

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facilitate communication within this internet work. It decides how to send packets within the network so that they arrive at their destination.

Routers

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switch functions at the Network layer and
performs the multiport, virtual LAN, data pipelining functions of a standard Layer 2 switch. It can also perform basic routing functions between virtual LANs.

Layer 3 Switches

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Combines functionality of:
– Layer 2 switching
– Layer 3 switching
– Layer 4 switching
High-speed scalability
Low latency compared to routers

Multilayer Switching

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The Transport layer is charge of the reliable/unreliable transport of data. It can be implemented as:

TCP or UDP Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol

is a combination of hardware and software that connects dissimilar network environments. It performs translations at multiple layers of the open system interconnection (OSI) model.

Gateway

is a system or group of systems that manages access between two or more networks

Firewall

LAN

Local Area Network

Information that is stored in digital form.

Data

is the process of transferring digital information between two or more point.

Data Communications

knowledge of intelligence.

Information

Five Components of Data Communications

1. Message: The message is the information (data) to be communicated. Popular forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video. 2. Sender: The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on. 3. Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on. 4. Transmission Medium: The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver. Some examples of transmission media include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio waves. 5. Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices.

is the international organization for standardization on a wide range of subjects. It is comprised mainly of members from the standards committee of various governments throughout the world. It is even responsible for developing models which provides high level of system compatibility, quality enhancement, improved productivity and reduced costs. The ___ is also responsible for endorsing and coordinating the work of the other standards organizations.

International Standard Organization (ISO)

Is based in Geneva, Switzerland. It has developed three sets of specifications: the V series for modem interfacing and data transmission over telephone lines, the X series for data transmission over public digital networks, email and directory services; the I and Q series for Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and its extension Broadband ISDN.

International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Sector

is an international professional organization founded in United States and is compromised of electronics, computer and communications engineers. It is currently the world’s largest professional society with over 200,000 members. It develops communication and information processing standards with the underlying goal of advancing theory, creativity, and product quality in any field related to electrical engineering.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

was an early packet switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet.

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)

is the official standards agency for the United States and is the U.S voting representative for the ISO.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

is a non-profit U.S. trade association that establishes and recommends industrial standards. ___ activities include standards development, increasing public awareness, and lobbying and it is responsible for developing the RS (recommended standard) series of standards for data and communications.

Electronics Industry Association (EIA)

a set of actions that a layer offers to another (higher) layer.

Service

a set of rules that a layer uses to exchange information with a peer entity.

Protocol

In a n-layer architecture, the rules and conventions used in this conversation are collectively known as the ________________

layer-n protocol

the entities comprising the corresponding layers on different machines.

Peers

PDU

Protocol Data Unit

process of adding or removing PDU information.

Encapsulation/Decapsulation

OSI

Open Systems Interconnection

Only one device can receive, the other can only send.

Simplex Mode

Two devices can send and receive but not at the same time.

Half-Duplex

Two devices can send and receive at the same time.

Full-Duplex (Duplex Mode)

that the sender transforms the original information to another form and sends the resulting message out over the network.

Encryption

reverses the original process to transform the message back to its original form.

Decryption

reduces the number of bits contained in the information.

Compression

virtual terminal protocol allows a user on one machine to log onto a distant machine and work there.

TELNET

provides a way to move data efficiently from one machine to another.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

specialized protocol for electronic mail.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

for moving USENET news articles around.

NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)

for mapping host names onto their network addresses.

DNS (Domain Name System)

for fetching pages on the World Wide Web, and many others.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

Every device is connected to every other device.

Mesh Topology

Devices are connected through a central device.

Star Topology

Each device is connected to the next, forming a ring.

Ring topology

Every device is on a common link.

Bus Topology

This is a combination of two or more topologies.

Hybrid Topology

Occurs between each pair of layers and defines which primitives operations and services the lower layer offer to the upper layer adjacent to it.

Interface

A set of layers and protocols.

Network Architecture

A list of protocols used by a certain system.

Protocol Stack

Coordinates the functions required to carry a bit stream over a physical medium. It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission medium. It also defines the procedures and functions that physical devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission to occur.

Physical Layer

It transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link. It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer.

Data Link Layer

It is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet, possibly across multiple networks (links). Whereas the data link layer oversees the delivery of the packet between two systems on the same network (links), the ___________ ensures that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final destination.

Network Layer

It is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire message. A process is an application program running on a host. Whereas the network layer oversees source-to-destination delivery of individual packets, it does not recognize any relationship between those packets. It treats each one independently, as though each piece belonged to a separate message, whether or not it does. The _____________, on the other hand, ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error control and flow control at the source-to-destination level.

Transport Layer

The services provided by the first three layers (physical, data link, and network) are not sufficient for some processes. The ____________ is the network dialog controller. It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction among communicating systems.

Session layer

It is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two systems.

Presentation Layer

It enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network. It provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database management, and other types of distributed information services.

Application Layer

It is a reliable connection-oriented protocol that allows a byte stream originating on one machine to be delivered without error on any other machine in the internet

Transmission Control Protocol

It is an unreliable, connectionless protocol for applications that do not want TCP's sequencing or flow control and wish to provide their own. It is also widely used for one-shot, client-server-type request-reply queries and applications in which prompt delivery is more important than accurate delivery, such as transmitting speech or video.

User Datagram Protocol