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Circulatory system > Digestive tract > Flashcards

Digestive tract Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss the generalized function of the digestive system

A

The organs of the digestive system together prepare nutrients for absorption and for use by millions of body cells

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2
Q

List, in sequence, each of the components or segments of the alimentary canal from mouth to anus, and identify the accessory organs of digestion located within the gastrointestinal tract or that open into it.

A

Main organs of the Digestive System form the gastrointestinal tract (GI) tract, extends through the abdominopelvic cavity

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3
Q

List and describe the four layers of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Has 4 layers.

From luminal side:

  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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4
Q

Discuss the major modifications of the layers of the digestive tract.

A

Simple columnar epithelim through most of the tract.

Stratified squamous eputhelum in mouth, esophagus and rectum.

Exocrine glands empty secretions into the lumen

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5
Q

List and describe the structures of the mouth.

A

Hard and soft palate:

Hard palate consists of portions of four bones: 2 maxillae and two palatines.

Soft palate form the partition between the mouth and nasopharyn is made of muscle arranged in an arch

Tongue: 3 parts, root, tip, body.

Papillae

Lingual frenulum anchors tongue to the floor of mouth,

Tongues intrinsic muscles are important for speach.

Extrinsic muscle are important for swallowing and speech. Taste buds Salivary glands

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6
Q

Identify and compare the structures and secretions of the salivary glands.

A

Salivary glands: secrete 1 litre of saliva each day

Parotid glands - produce watery saliva containing enzymes (serous)
Submandibular glands are compoud glands that contain enzymes and mucus
Sublingual glands produce mucous saliva Serous cells Mucos cells
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7
Q

Discuss the structural components of a typical tooth, and identify by name and number the deciduous and permanent teeth.

A

Cross section of tooth:

Enamel
Cementum
Surrounding dentin layer
Pulp
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8
Q

Identify the structural divisions of the pharynx.

A

Tube which food bolus passes when moved from the mouth to the esophagus by the process of deglutition.

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9
Q

Describe the location and structure of the oesophagus.

A

Tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach.

Lined with stratified epithelium

Cervical part
Thoracic part
Abdominal part

Each end is encircled by muscular sphincters

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10
Q

Discuss the size, position and structure of the stomach.

A

Located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, under the liver and diaphragm.

Size varies according to factors such as gender. When no food it is the size of a large sausage. In adults its capacity ranges from 1-1.15 litres

Divided into:

Cardiac region

Fundus
Body
Pylorus Curves of stomach

Sphincter muscles:

Lesser & Greater curve Sphincter muscles: Lwr esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach.
Pyloric sphincter controls the outlet of the pyloric portion of the stomach into the duodenum
Gastric Muscularis

Stomach Wall - gastic mucosa

Gastric mucosa: has epithetlial lining rugae marked by gastric pits.
Gastric glands: secrete gastric juice
Chief cells: secrete enzymes
Parietal cells: secrete hydrochloric acid, vit b12 Endocrine cells: secrete gastrin & ghrelin
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11
Q

Describe the functions of the stomach.

A

Secretes gastric juice to aid in digestion of food.

Breaks food into small particles and mixes with gastric juice

Secretes intrinsic factor

Performs limited absorption

Produces gastric and ghrelin (hunger hormone)

Helps protect the body from pathogenic bacteria swallowed with fuel

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12
Q

Discuss the size, position, divisions, and wall of the small and large intestines.

A

Small intestine Tube approx 2.5cm wide and 6m long.

Divisions:

Duodenum: upper most division approx 25cm long, shaped like the letter C

Jejunum: approx 2.5m long Ileum: approx 3.5m long.

Digestion and secretion of enzymes take place in the Jejunum while absorption of vit B and coupled bile salts take place in the ileum.

Wall of the small intestine: Intestinal lining as plicae (circular folds)

Large Intestine: Size: diameter 6 cm Lengeth approx 1.5-1.8 Divisions

Cecum
 Colon
Rectum
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13
Q

Locate and discuss the significance of the vermiform appendix.

A

Vermiform Appendix: accessory organ, reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria

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14
Q

Discuss the peritoneum and its reflections.

A

Large, continuous sheet of seous membrane, many organs covered with visceral peritoneum; parietal peritoneum lines the walll of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Mesentery: projection of the parietal peritoneum

Transverse mesocolon: extension of the peritoneum that supports the transverse colon.

    Onmentum
    Abdominal
    Viscera
    Transverse colon
    Greater Omentum
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15
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the liver and gallbladder.

A

Liver

Largest gland in the body weights 1.5kg. Lies under diaphragm Divided into L and R lobe

Hepatic lobules: anatomical units of liver.

Hepatic lobules → portal triad → blood flows to a central vein → sinusoids (low pressure vascular channels) → receives from hepatic artery/ portal vein at the periphery of lobules and deliver it into central veins.

Functions: Involved in metabolizing proteins, fats, carbs (anabolic & catabolic functions).

Production of plasama proteins including albumin, clotting factors and complement.

Detoxification: toxic substances that are either ingest or formed in the intestines → nontoxic substances.

Bile secretion: liver cell secrete 600ml of bile

Contains macrophages that remove bacteria.

Gallbladder: stores bile

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16
Q

Discuss the structure and functions of the pancreas.

A

Grayish pink gland. 12-15cm long weighs approx 60 grams. Structure exocrine portion: produces enzymes and other digestive juices Endocrine portion: secrete glucagon and insulin

17
Q

Describe the primary functions and mechanisms of the digestive system.

A

To bring essential nutrients into the internal environment so that they are available to each cell of the body.

This is achieved through 6 processes:

  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechinval digestion
  4. Chemical digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Elimination
18
Q

Define motility of the digestive tract

A

All movement of the digestive tract. Includes

  1. Propulsion
  2. Mechanical digestion. Work together.

Digestion begins in the mouth when the particle size of ingested food material is reduced by mastication.

→ Churns contents of the GI lumen to mix with digest juices mix → Propels food along the GI tract, eliminating digestive waste from the body

19
Q

List and explain the three main steps or stages of deglutition.

A
  1. Oral stage: mouth to oropharynx
  2. Pharyngeal state (oropharynx to esophagus): triggered by food against the soft palate, gravity, moving bolus into esophagus.
  3. Esophageal state (esophagus to stomach) involuntary.
20
Q

Differentiate between peristalsis and segmentation.

A

Perstalsis
Wave like propulsion in GI tract

Segmentation
Mixing movements back and forward

21
Q

Explain how motility in the digestive system is regulated.

A

Short reflexes-Within the whole NS via CN X
Long reflexes-Involving the brain & PNS

Triggers- Stretching of the organ=gut content =contractions in colon=clear space for fresh chyme

22
Q

Define chemical digestion.

A

Chemical digestion involves the secretions of enzymes throughout your digestive tract.

These enzymes break the chemical bonds that hold food particles together.

This allows food to be broken down into small, digestible parts.

23
Q

Discuss the properties of digestive enzymes.

A

Digestive enzymes are classified based on their target substrates:
Lipases split fatty acids off of fats and oils.

Proteases and peptidases split proteins into small peptides and amino acids.

Amylases split carbohydrates such as starch and sugars into simple sugars such as glucose.

24
Q

Define the terms nutrition, macro, micro nutrient, essential & non-essential nutrient

A

Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized by the human body, so these nutrients must be obtained from food.
Nonessential nutrients, can be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantities for normal functioning

25
Q

Compare and contrast protein, fat, and carbohydrate digestion.

A

Fat must be emulsified in bile in the S intestine before it’s digested

carbohydrate digestion, break down all disaccharides and complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides for absorption.

Digestion begins in the mouth with salivary AMYLASE released during the process of chewing.

26
Q

Identify and discuss the absorption of nutrients resulting from the digestive process and the structures into which they are absorbed.

A

All carbohydrates are absorbed in the form of monosaccharides, in S intestine

Proteins Active transport mechanisms, primarily in the duodenum and jejunum, absorb most proteins as their breakdown products, amino acids

About 95 percent of lipids are absorbed in the S intestine.
Bile salts not only speed up lipid digestion, but essential to the absorption of the end products of lipid digestion.

27
Q

Describe the processes of elimination and defecation.

A

Defecation Eliminates Waste From the Body

The body expels waste products from digestion through the rectum and anus.

This process, called defecation, involves contraction of rectal muscles, relaxation of the internal anal sphincter, and an initial contraction of the skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter.

28
Q

Define metabolism & outline the processes of anabolism and catabolism.

A

Anabolism and catabolism are the two broad types of biochemical reactions that make up metabolism.

Anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones.

Catabolism breaks large molecules into smaller ones

29
Q

Discuss the role of ATP and the ATP/ADP system in metabolism.

A

ATP is able to power cellular processes by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule (a process called phosphorylation)

Although cells continuously break down ATP to obtain energy, ATP also is constantly being synthesized from ADP and phosphate through the processes of cellular respiration.

30
Q

Explain what is meant by the terms anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration.

A

Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy.

Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be used to power cellular processes.

31
Q

Differentiate between
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

A

Gluconeogenesis is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Glycogenolysis is the process of glycogen breakdown.

During glycogenolysis, glycogen is broken down to form the glucose-6-phosphate.

During gluconeogenesis, molecules such as amino acids and lactic acids convert into glucose.

32
Q

Discuss glucose homeostasis

A

Glucose Homeostasis: the balance of insulin and glucagon to maintain blood glucose.

Insulin: secreted by the pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose following a meal.

33
Q

Discuss the metabolism of lipids.

A

Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.

34
Q

Discuss the function of mastication

A

Chewing or mastication is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth.

It is the first step of digestion, and it increases the surface area of foods to allow a more efficient break down by enzymes.

After chewing, the food (now called a bolus) is swallowed.

Circulatory system (6 decks)

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