Digestive System I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the oral cavity?

A
  1. Vestibule

2. Oral Cavity Proper

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2
Q

What areas of the oral cavity are included in the vestibule region?

A

behind the lips, in front of the teeth with the mouth closed

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3
Q

What areas of the oral cavity are included in the oral cavity proper?

A

Behind teeth, roof of mouth, tongue, oral pharynx

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4
Q

What is the function of the tonsils? Where are they located?

A

Surveillance system for immune system

Make a ring around oral pharynx

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5
Q

What are the three types of mucosa?

A
  1. Masticatory
  2. Lining
  3. Specialized
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the masticatory mucosa? Where is it found?

A

Keratinized/parakeratinized

Gingiva, hard palate

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7
Q

What is parakeratinization? Where is it found?

A

Still some nuclei

found in gingiva, hard palate

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the lining mucosa? Where is it found?

A

Nonkeratinized

Lips, cheeks, soft palate

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the specialized mucosa? Where is it found?

A

specifically in the regions of the taste buds on lingual papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue;
contains nerve endings for general sensory reception and taste perception.

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10
Q

What are the three aspects of the mucosa?

A

Epithelium
Lamina papilla
Muscularis mucosa

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11
Q

What are the three aspects of the submucosa?

A

Dense connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and the submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner)

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12
Q

What are the three layers of the lips?

A
  1. Cutaneous (external)
  2. Red (vermillion)
  3. Oral Mucosa
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the cutaneous/external layer of the lips?

A

Keratinized
Hair follicles
Sebaceous and sweat glands
Thin

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14
Q

What are the characteristics so the red (vermilion) layer of the lips?

A
Thick
Keratinized
Papillae
large stratum spinosum
deep rete ridges full of LCT
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15
Q

What gives lips their red color?

A

The deep rete ridges full of LCT, which includes blood vessels, in the red/ vermilion layer of the lips

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16
Q

In what layer of the lips are the Meisner’s corpuscles located?

A

The red/vermilion layer

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the oral mucosa?

A

Thick epithelial layer

para/nonkeratinized

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18
Q

What does the submucosa of the cheeks do?

A

Anchors mucosa to underlying skeletal muscle

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19
Q

What characteristics of the lamina propria allow for the movement of skeletal muscle in the cheeks?

A

The lamina propria is less thick

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20
Q

Are the cheeks kerintinzed? Is the lamina propria and submucosa dense or loose?

A

Nonkeratinized

Dense

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21
Q

What two parts of the gingiva does the lamina propia bind to?

A

Periosteum and periodontal ligament

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22
Q

What do gingiva lack? (2)

A

Lack submucosa

Lack glands

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23
Q

Are gingiva keratinized?

A

Keratinized

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24
Q

What is the function of the gingiva?

A

Barrier to lower regions of the tissue, blocking micro bacteria etc

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25
Q

What is the function of the hard palate?

A

Assists tongue in preparation of bolus

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26
Q

What type of mucosa lines the hard palate?

A

Masticatory mucosa

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27
Q

What is the submucosa of the hard palate made of?

A

Adipose tissue

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28
Q

What function does the palatine raphe severe in the hard palate?

A

Directly attaches to palatine bone which makes the hard palate immovable

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29
Q

What is the function of the soft palate?

A

Prevents passage of food/fluids between oral and nasal pharynges

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30
Q

What type of mucosa lines the soft palate?

A

Lining mucosa

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31
Q

Does the soft palate have a thick or shallow lamina propia?

A

Shallow

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32
Q

Does the hard palate have a thick or shallow lamina propia?

A

Thick

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33
Q

What are the three types of salivary glands? What are the relative percentages of saliva they produce?

A
  1. Parotid gland (25%)
  2. Submandibular gland (65-70%)
  3. Sublingual gland (5%)
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34
Q

Where is the paratid gland located? Where does the duct open?

A

Temporal region

Opens at second molar

35
Q

Where is the submandibular gland located? Where does the duct open?

A

Submandibular triangle of the neck

Ducts opens at lingual frentum

36
Q

Where is the subligual gland located? Where does the duct open?

A

Sublingual folds at floor of oral cavity

Numerous ducts

37
Q

What salivary gland contains assinide serous along? How does this cause the salivary gland to stain?

A

Paratid (serous) gland

Stains darkly

38
Q

What salivary gland contains a mix of assinide serous gland and mucous gland? How does this cause the salivary gland to stain?

A

Submandibular gland

Stains light - clear

39
Q

What salivary gland contains more mucous than serous overall? How does this cause it to stain?

A

Sublingual gland

Stains very light

40
Q

What does the muscular core of the tongue consist of? Type of muscle, how many planes?

A

Bundles of striated muslce

Arranged in 3 different plans for diverse movement

41
Q

What is the muscle core anchored to mucosa of tongue by?

A

Lamina propria CT

42
Q

What are the characteristics of the ventral surface of the tongue? keratinized? thick or think lamina propia? Why type of mucosa?

A

Nonkeratinized
Thin lamina propia
Lining Mucosa

43
Q

What type of mucosal lining does the dorsal surface of the tongue have? What is the anterior 2/3 made of? The posterior 1/3?

A

Specialized mucosa
anterior 2/3 = lingual papillae
posterior 1/3 = lymphoid aggregates

44
Q

What are the sulcus terminales?

A

Circumvallate papillae that create a V on the tongue separating the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3

45
Q

What are the four types of lingual papillae?

A
  1. Filiform
  2. Foliate
  3. Fungiform
  4. Circumvallate
46
Q

Filiform lingual papillae; abundant? do they have taste buds? keratinized? grooved?

A

Most abundant
No taste buds
Lp grooves
Keratinized

47
Q

Foliate lingual papillae; location? grooved? taste buds? ducts?

A

On the sides of the tongue
Deep groove with duct entrance at the bottom
Taste buds on lateral side

48
Q

What is the purpose of the ducts in foliate lingual papillae?

A

Tastants and wash away taste buds ?

49
Q

How do we distinguish papilla on foliate lingual papillae?

A

Primary papilla = large

Secondary papilla = individual papilla located within the primary papilla

50
Q

Fungiform lingual papillae; location? taste buds? color? distinguish papillae?

A

Scattared across tongue
Taste buds close to the surface
Red because LCT is close to the surface
Primary and secondary

51
Q

Circumvalle lingual papillae; size? location? taste buds? function?

A

Huge
Taste buds on the lateral side of the groove
Takes up secretants, solubilize, wash away

52
Q

What are taste buds responsible for?

A

5 stimuli of taste

  1. Sweet
  2. Salty
  3. Bitter
  4. Sour
  5. Umami
53
Q

What are the three principal cell types in taste buds?

A
  1. Neuroepithelial cell
  2. Supporting Cell
  3. Basal cell
54
Q

What do neuroepithelial cells in taste buds look like? What do they synapse with?

A

Large, light staining nuclei
Apical to basal surface
Synapse with gustical afferent neuron

55
Q

What do the nuclei of the supporting cells of taste buds look like?

A

Dark, elongated nuclei

56
Q

What do the nuclei of the basal cells of taste buds look like? What domain do they fall in?

A

Small, dark nuclei
Basal domain only
STEM Cells

57
Q

How are neuroepithelial cells and supporting cells used in the cellular pathway of taste?

A

Tastant binds to receptors on microvilli on the cells that extend into the taste pore > electrical signal

58
Q

What kind of receptor binds to bitter, sweet, and umami? What does the rest of the signaling pathway look like?

A

Tastant binds > GPCR > PLC > Ca release > NT

59
Q

What does the cellular pathway look like for sour signaling?

A

sour > H+ > proton channels > Ca release > NT

60
Q

What does the cellular pathway for salty look like?

A

Salt > Na > influx through channels > Ca release > NT

61
Q

How many deciduous (primary) teeth in children?

A

20

62
Q

The ___ deciduous are replaced by ___ permanent (secondary) teeth in adults, plus ___ additional teeth

A

20, 20, 12

63
Q

Teeth are composed of a ____ and a _____

A

Crown

Root

64
Q

When do teeth form? When do they rupture?

A

Form during gustation

Rupture at 6 months of age

65
Q

When do you lose your deciduous teeth?

A

6-12/13 years old

66
Q

What is the enamel of the tooth?

A

hard outer coating

96% mineralized

67
Q

What are the three layers of specialized tissue in the tooth?

A

Enamel
Cementum
Dentin

68
Q

What is the difference between the critical crown and anatomic crown of the tooth?

A

Critical crown is seen

Anatomic crown is under the surface

69
Q

What is dentin? what percentage is mineralized?

A

70% mineralized

70
Q

What is cementum? % mineralized?

A

Covers root of the tooth

50-55% mineralized

71
Q

What is the central pulp cavity? what tissue type? vascular or avascular? function?

A

Vascularized
Highly ordered CT, LCT
Supports the rest of the tooth

72
Q

What is the periodontal ligament? What tissue type is it?

A

Locks the tooth into place with limited movement
Comes out of the bottom of the tooth and binds to bone
Fibrous CT

73
Q

What is the alveolar bone?

A

Bony housing surrounding root of tooth

From the jaw

74
Q

What is the gingiva? What is it attached to?

A

Gums
Oral mucosa located around neck of tooth
Attached to teeth and underlying alveolar bony tissue

75
Q

What are the four stages of tooth development?

A
  1. Bud Stage
  2. Cap Stage
  3. Bell Stage
  4. Apositional Stage
76
Q

Talk me through tooth development

A
  1. Bud Stage; epithelium envelopes in and cells are recruited from the mesoderm to form the pulp and root
  2. Cap Stage; you have early-stage amyloplasts, cells begin to congregate to form the dental papilla
  3. Bell Stage; closing off from oral epithelium, becomes a contained structure, start to see jaw bone making the boney socket
  4. Apositional Stage; the developing tooth is completely separate, begins to see layers (dentin, enamel, pulp)
77
Q

What do odontalblasts do?

A

Synthesize and secrete denten away from the pulp canal

78
Q

What do ameloblasts do? How long do they live?

A

Synthesize the enamel

Die once the tooth ruptures, no new generation of the enamel

79
Q

l

A

.

80
Q

What is cementum? How is it made? % mineralization?

A

Cementum lines the exterior of the root
70-75% mineralized
Cementoblasts produce cementoid and then get surrounded and become cementocytes

81
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers? Tissue type? Where are they located?

A

Type I collagen fibers released by cementoblasts

They extend from the periodontal ligament into the cementum

82
Q

What are Dental Caries? How do they form?

A

Cavity

The enamel layer begins to wear away and exposes dentin below

83
Q

What are Viridin Steptacoxy?

A

Type of bacteria
Fermenting sugars > biofim (plaque) formation > recruitment of other bacteria > bacteria goes beneath the gum line (disrupts the barrier)
Can also cause periodenotal disease

84
Q

What is the gingical sulcus?

A

Makes barrier between outside oral cavity and ??