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digestive system-bio 142 > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

List the functions of the digestive system and where they take place

A
  1. Ingestion- oral cavity
  2. Mechanical Processing- oral cavity & stomach
  3. Digestion (Chemical processing)- stomach
  4. Secretion- accessory glands
  5. Absorption- small intestine
  6. Compaction- large intestine (colon)
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2
Q

List the organs of the digestive system

A
  1. Oral cavity
  2. Pharynx (oropharynx & Laryngopharynx)
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small Intestine
  6. Large Intestine (colon)
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3
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Teeth, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

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4
Q

Identify the 4 layers of the digestive system wall?

A

Mucosa, Sub mucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa (Visceral peritoneum)

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5
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium & Simple Columnar Epithelium

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6
Q

Identify 3 structures that help INCREASE the surface area of the digestive tract.

A
  1. Microvilli
  2. Villi
  3. Plicae circulares (Circular folds)
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7
Q

Describe the function of the submucosal plexus.

A

contains autonomic nerves that go to the mucosa and submucosa.

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8
Q

What makes up the muscularis externa ?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle; inner circular & outer longitudinal
AND MYENTERIC PLEXUS between the 2 layers^

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9
Q

which parts of the digestive tract don’t have a serosa?

A

Everything above the stomach & the rectum

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10
Q

What do they have? (parts that don’t have a serosa)

A

Adventitia; lines areas not in the peritoneal cavity

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11
Q

What is another name for the serosa?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

What is the function of the mesentery?

A

Stabilize the intestines in place

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13
Q

Define plasticity

A

ability to function over a wide range of lengths

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14
Q

Define segmentation

A

Mixing & Churning contraction

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15
Q

Define peristalsis

A

wave-like contractions that propel material from one region to the next.

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16
Q

What will TRIGGER contraction of smooth muscle?

A
  1. Local factors- change in ph, physical distortion of wall & chemical substances
  2. Neural control mechanisms- SHORT REFLEXES (myenteric reflex, triggered by chemo-receptors or stretch receptors)
    LONG REFLEXES (involve CNS) - control large scale peristaltic waves/ glandular activity.
  3. Hormone control mechanisms- Enteroendocrine cells.
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17
Q

What is the function of the lingual frenulum ?

A

Attaches tongue to floor of mouth

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18
Q

What is the function of the labial frenulum?

A

Attaches lips to gums

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19
Q

what are the 5 taste sensations?

A
  1. sweet
  2. salty
  3. sour
  4. bitter
  5. umami
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20
Q

Describe enamel

A

covers dentin, contains calcium phosphate

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21
Q

describe dentin

A

similar to bone, but without cells. (no osteocytes)

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22
Q

what are the 4 types of teeth ?

A
  1. incisors - (blade shaped)used for clipping and cutting
  2. cuspids- (canines); used for tearing/slashing
  3. bicuspids- crush, mash, and grind
  4. molars- crushing & grinding
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23
Q

What is primary detention?

A

Baby teeth, deciduous teeth, 20 baby teeth total.

24
Q

List the 3 divisions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
25
Q

what is the function of the esophagus?

A

carries food from mouth to stomach

26
Q

what causes heartburn?

A

Material from stomach gets back into esophagus; lower esophageal sphincter

27
Q

define deglutition & the 3 phases

A

the act of swallowing

  1. buccal phase- voluntary
  2. pharyngeal phase - involuntary
  3. esophageal phase - involuntary
28
Q

function of the falciform ligament

A

Attaches liver to the anterior body wall

29
Q

function of the lesser omentum

A

connect liver and stomach

30
Q

function of mesentary proper

A

surrounds small intestine, anchoring it in place

31
Q

function of mesocolon

A

anchors large intestine (colon)

32
Q

describe the location of the fundus

A

portion superior to the junction with esophagus

33
Q

describe location of the cardia ( cardiac region)

A

portion closets to esophagus

34
Q

describe location of the pylorus

A

inferior ; narrows, forming a small curve

35
Q

what is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

regulates amount of chyme leaving the stomach.

36
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the stomach?

A

Simple Columnar epithelium

37
Q

what is different about the muscularis externa?

A

3 layers of muscle instead of 2; inner oblique, “middle” circular, outer longitudinal

38
Q

the serosa is the same thing as______

A

visceral peritoneum

39
Q

why do cells in gastric glands need to replace the ones on the surface ?

A

superficial cells get lost in the lumen

40
Q

what is produced by the parietal cells, chief cells, and G cells ?

A
  1. parietal cells- produce intrinsic factor; needed for absorption of vit B12
  2. chief cells- pepsinogen; will be converted to pepsin to digest proteins
    G cells- produce hormones.
41
Q

How is HCL made?

A

produced by parietal cells in the stomach

42
Q

what is the function of the lacteal?

A

a lymphatic capillary that carries material that can’t be transported in blood.

43
Q

describe the 3 regions of the small intestine

A
  1. duodenum- retroperitoneal, first region only about 10 inches, receives chyme from the stomach and neutralizes its acids.
  2. jejunum- middle region, about 8 feet, most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption happen here.
  3. ileum- Last region, 11.5 feet , ends at ileocecal valve, , aggregated lymphoid nodules
44
Q

describe the 3 phases of gastric secretion

A
  1. cephalic phase(CNS)- begins when you see, taste or think about food, increases gastric juices, prepares stomach to receive food
  2. Gastric phase- begins when food arrives in stomach, stimulated by: distention of stomach, increase ph in gastric contents, or presence of undigested food in stomach.
  3. Intestinal phase- begins when chyme enters small intestine, controls rate of gastric emptying.
45
Q

list the regions of the large intestine

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

46
Q

what is the teniae coli?

A

3 longitudinal separate ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of colon.

47
Q

how are haustra formed?

A

circumferential contraction of inner muscular layer of colon

48
Q

how is digestion performed in the large intestine?

A

absorption & defecation reflex

49
Q

what absorption takes place in the large intestine?

A

water & vitamins

50
Q

where is the rectum located?

A

in the anal canal; last 6 in. of the digestive tract

51
Q

what is the function of the rectum?

A

temporarily store feces

52
Q

when does epithelium become stratified squamous?

A

in the anus

53
Q

the internal anal sphincter is made up of______

A

smooth muscle of muscularis externa

54
Q

the external anal sphincter is made up of_______

A

skeletal muscle

55
Q

what triggers the defecation reflex?

A
  1. short reflex triggered by distension of rectum triggers peristaltic contractions.
  2. long reflex involves the CNS and triggers mass movements.
56
Q

explain how we control when we have a bowel movement?

A

external sphincter is voluntarily relaxed when defection occurs.

digestive system-bio 142 (2 decks)

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