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AP2 B5 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the food we eat and the nutrients contained within

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

Refers to the use of the nutrients gained from food to build/maintain and provide energy

Also refers to interactive set of chemical pathways

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

While there, food is broken down into absorbable molecules in GI tract/lumen (still external)

A

Digestion

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4
Q

then transported out of the GI lumen and placed into the portal vascular system

A

Absorption (now internal)

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5
Q

when nutrient molecules enter cells and undergo many chemical changes

A

Assimilation

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6
Q

Before food can be used for energy, growth and maintenance, and regulation of bodily functions, the nutrients have to be ____

A

assimilated

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7
Q

a decomposition process

A

Catabolism

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8
Q

act of building nutrient molecules into large molecular compounds that requires the use of energy

A

Anabolism

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9
Q

The act of breaking food molecules down into smaller molecular compounds that, in-turn, releases energy

A

Catabolism

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10
Q

a synthesis process

A

Anabolism

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11
Q

Released in frequent, small bursts or otherwise it would “cook” the cell it is being released in

A

Thermal energy (heat)

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12
Q

Thermal energy is practically useless as an energy source for cells because it can’t be used to carry out work

A

Thermal energy (heat)

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13
Q

This heat that gets released from all cells collectively maintains the body temperature for homeostasis

A

Thermal energy (heat)

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14
Q

Cannot be used directly for biological reactions

It first has to be transferred into the high-energy molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Chemical energy

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15
Q

Releases energy in two forms (catabolism)

A

thermal

chemical

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16
Q

readily absorbed in their original form

A

micronutrients

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17
Q

need to be small enough to be absorbed

A

macronutrients

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18
Q

Proteins need to be

A

Amino acids or small chains of amino acids (di/tripeptides)

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19
Q

Carbohydrates need to be

Monosaccharides such as

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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20
Q

Lipids need to be

A

Fatty acids (FAs) or monoglycerides (MGs)

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21
Q

Micronutrients

A

vits/mins

Needed in much smaller quantities in the body

** 28 of these are considered essential micronutrients – meaning required to live

**Do not provide calories of energy

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22
Q

Provides 4 calories of energy

A

protes

carbs

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23
Q

Provides 9 cals of energy

A

Lipids

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24
Q

Digestion requires enzymes called amylases

A

Carbohydrates

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25
Q

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

A

Unable to be absorbed as is

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26
Q

Byproduct of polysaccharide (starch) digestion

Found in excess in beer and some liquor (Barley)

A

Maltose

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27
Q

Only stored form of glucose in the body

A

glycogen

Found in the liver, muscle tissue, and some glial brain cells

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28
Q

cannot be absorbed or broken down

A

Cellulose

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29
Q

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

Fast source of energy

A

Simple carbohydrates

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30
Q

More difficult to digest because of longer chain sizes

Polysaccharides

Provides a more consistent amount of energy while being broken down (if able to be broken down)

Can be found in things like whole grains, legumes, starchy vegetables

A

Complex carbohydrates

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31
Q

are most common form of lipid found in the diet and in the body

A

Triglycerides (TAGs)

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32
Q

Consists of one glycerol subunit that is attached to three fatty acids

A high-energy nutrient synthesized and stored in adipocytes (adipose cells) as well as hepatocytes (liver cells)

Can be used by most cells in the body to power metabolism

A

Triglycerides (TAGs)

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33
Q

Can be used by most cells in the body to power metabolism

Not efficient in brain for sole source of energy

Still requires glucose

A

Triglycerides (TAGs)

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34
Q

Triglycerides are required for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins including

A

A, D, E, K

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35
Q

provides constituent molecules for cellular membranes

A

Triglycerides

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36
Q

all hydrogen bonds are used (solid at room temp)

Found in animal meats and dairy fats

Can also be found in coconut and palm oils

A

Saturated Fatty acids

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37
Q

Triacylglycerols (AKA triglycerides or “fat”)

A

1 glycerol cluster + 3 fatty acids = triglycerides

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38
Q

triglycerides combined with other components

A

Compound Lipids

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39
Q

Fatty acids + phosphorus + nitrogen

Lipid “bilayer” in cell membranes, part of the nerve sheath

A

Phospholipids

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40
Q

Fatty acids + carbohydrate + nitrogen

Part of cell membrane, helps to facilitate cellular recognition

A

Glycolipids

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41
Q

Chylomicrons
Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL’s)
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL’s)
High-density lipoproteins (HDL’s)

A

Lipoproteins

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42
Q

simple + compound lipids together

A

Derived Lipids

43
Q

Steroids (Cholesterol primary one)

A

Derived Lipids

44
Q

Can be synthesized endogenously

Helps to build plasma membranes
Precursor in synthesis of Vitamin D
Requires for synthesis of androgens/sex hormones

Terpenes (various plant and animal oils; essential oils)
Fat-soluble vitamins
Ketone bodies

A

Derived Lipids

45
Q

In order to be absorbed at the cellular level, triglycerides have to be hydrolyzed (broken down) into smaller components

A 
Fatty acids (FAs)
Monoglycerides (MGs)
46
Q

Hydrolyzed by certain lipase enzymes

A

Lipid Digestion

47
Q

Small fat droplets found in blood soon after absorption has occurred
During absorptive state blood may contain so many chylomicrons that it can appear turbid, or yellowish
In post-absorptive state (usually ~4 hours after meal) few chylomicrons exist in blood
Contents have moved mostly into adipose tissue

A

Chylomicrons (a lipoprotein)

lipid transport

48
Q

Very low-density lipoproteins
Low-density lipoproteins
High-density lipoproteins

A

lipid transport

most active in post-absorptive state

Produced mostly in the liver from lipids and proteins

49
Q

In post-absorptive state (usually ~4 hours after meal) few ___ exist in blood

A

chylomicrons

50
Q

Entering blood from adipose tissue or other cells, fatty acids combine with albumin to form FFAs
When rate of fat-catabolism increases (i.e. starvation), FFAs levels in blood increase markedly

A

Free fatty acids (FFAs)

lipid transport

51
Q

Lowest density

Largest

A

chylomicrons

52
Q

Delivers triglycerides to cells throughout the body
Synthesized in enterocytes (intestinal cells) from fat and cholesterol absorbed in the small intestine

Because of large size, have to enter lacteals (lymphatic capillaries) which carries them to thoracic duct to be dumped into blood

A

Chylomicrons

Very triglyceride-rich
Very large particle

53
Q

Delivers triglycerides to cells throughout the body
Synthesized in the liver from excess fats and cholesterol that have made it there from portal circulation
Very triglyceride rich
Large particle, smaller than chylomicron

A

Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL’s)

54
Q

Delivers cholesterol to cells throughout the body
As VLDL’s are stripped of their triglycerides, the “leftovers” get remodeled in the liver to form LDL’s
Smaller particles than VLDL’s

A

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL’s)

55
Q

Reverse cholesterol transport for excess cholesterol
Returns excess cholesterol to the liver for recycling
Is made in both the liver and the small intestines

A

High-density lipoproteins (HDL’s)

56
Q

Triglycerides are first hydrolyzed to yield fatty acids and a ___

A

glycerol

57
Q

Fatty acids are broken down into two carbon pieces (acetyl-CoA) by a process called beta-oxidation
These then enter the ____

A

citric acid cycle

58
Q

Glycerol is then converted to ____ which is then either Converted to glucose OR
Enters the glycolysis pathway

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

59
Q

Lipid anabolism

A

lipogenesis

The synthesis of various types of lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Prostaglandins
60
Q

Absorption of proteins requires them to be broken down into any of the following:

A

Amino acid (single)
Dipeptide (two amino acids linked together)
Tripeptide (three amino acids linked together)

61
Q

Anything larger than 3 amino acids together is too large for absorption therefore requiring something to break it down smaller

A

Broken down by proteases (pepsin, trypsin etc)

62
Q

There are 20 amino acids

A

9 are essential (These have to be consumed as they cannot be made in the body)

7 are conditionally essential

4 are non-essential

63
Q

Process by which amino acids are broken down for energy use

A

Catabolism Protein Metabolism

64
Q

Process by which proteins are synthesized

Every cell synthesizes its own structural proteins

A

Anabolism Protein Metabolism

65
Q

Constitutes the major process for growth, reproduction, tissue repair, and replacement of all cells destroyed by wear and tear

Both protein catabolism and anabolism are occurring continually, only their rates differ depending on the need of the body

A

Protein Metabolism

66
Q

tubular system

Extends from the mouth to the anus
Forms extensive surface area in contact with the external environment
Closely associated with cardiovascular system because of the blood vessels involved in the digestive process

A

Digestive system

67
Q

Six Basic Processes

of Digestive system

A

Ingestion

Secretion

Mixing/propulsion

Digestion

Absorption

Defecation

68
Q

everyday, cells within the GI tract and accessory organs secrete ~7L of water, acid, buffers, enzymes into lumen of tract

A

Secretion

69
Q

mix and movement of material along tract

A

Motility

70
Q

teeth cut and grind food before swallowed, smooth muscles of stomach and small intestine churn food- this helps to mix with enzymes to dissolve food

A

Mechanical digestion-

71
Q

large carbohydrate, lipid, protein, molecules are split into smaller molecules by hydrolysis- enzymes produced by salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas, small intestine catalyze these catabolic reactions

A

Chemical digestion

72
Q

entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions, and products of digestion into the epithelial cells lining the GI tract

A

Absorption

Absorbed substances pass into blood or lymph and circulate to various locations in the body

73
Q

wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria, cells sloughed from lining of tract, digested materials not absorbed leave the body through the anus

A

Defecation

74
Q

From outer layer to inner-most layer (contact with tract contents)

A

Serosa or adventitia (depends on the location)
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa

75
Q

Wall of GI tract from lower esophagus to anal canal has same basic four-layered arrangement of tissue

A

Serosa or adventitia (depends on the location)
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa

76
Q

Found on almost all parts of the GI tract (see adventitia)
Serous membrane composed of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
Also called the visceral peritoneum
Forms from a portion of the visceral peritoneum

A

Serosa

77
Q

Single layer of connective tissue for the esophagus and proximal duodenum

A

Adventitia

78
Q

Muscularis

A

Skeletal muscle- voluntary
Smooth muscle- involuntary
Contains myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach)

79
Q

Skeletal muscle- voluntary only in?

A

Mouth, pharynx, superior aspect of esophagus

Also present in external anal sphincter, permits voluntary control of defecation

80
Q

Smooth muscle- involuntary

A

Found in the rest of the tract

Involuntary contractions help break down food, mix it with secretions, and propel it forward

Inner sheet of circular fibers, outer sheet of longitudinal fibers

81
Q

Network of neurons between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers

A

myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach)

82
Q

Consists of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to muscularis

Contains many blood and lymph vessels that receive absorbed food molecules

Contains submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner)

A

Submucosa

83
Q

Extensive network of neurons

A

submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner)

84
Q

Mucosa- inner lining of GI tract

composed of three layers

A

Muscularis mucosae (outer-most layer of mucosa)

Lamina propria (Middle layer of mucosa)

Epithelium

85
Q

Thin layer of smooth muscle fibers
This layer is what causes the mucous membrane of the small intestine and stomach to have the folded appearance
These folds increase surface area for digestion and absorption
Movement of this layer ensures all absorptive cells are fully exposed to contents of GI tract

A

Muscularis mucosae (outer-most layer of mucosa)

86
Q

Areolar connective tissue containing many blood and lymphatic vessels which allow nutrients to reach other tissues of the body
Supports the epithelium and binds to the muscularis mucosae
Contains majority of mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

A

Lamina propria (Middle layer of mucosa)

87
Q

This lymphatic nodular tissue contains immune cells that protect against disease

present along GI tract especially tonsils, small intestine, appendix, and large intestine

A

MALT

in lamina propria

88
Q

every 5-7 days these cells are replaced by new cells, old slough off and are excreted

A

Epithelium

89
Q

Protective function Nonkeratinized stratified squamous found in mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anal canal

A

Epithelium

90
Q

Simple columnar found in stomach and intestines

Secretion and absorption function

Tight junctions between cells here prevent leakage

A

Epithelium

91
Q

secrete mucous/fluid/enzymes into lumen

A

Exocrine cells- epithelium of mucosa

92
Q

secrete hormones into lumen

A

Enteroendocrine cells - epithelium of mucosa

93
Q

Myenteric (or Auerbach) plexus located between longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis

Submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner) found within the submucosa

A

Enteric Nervous System

94
Q

plexus located between longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis

A

Myenteric (or Auerbach)

95
Q

found within the submucosa

A

Submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner)

96
Q

Both plexuses consist of neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons

A

tight

97
Q

supply motor impulses to longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of muscularis

This leads to this plexus controlling the majority of GI tract motility

Particularly the frequency and strength of contraction of muscularis

A

Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus-

98
Q

motor neurons supply the secretory cells of the mucosal epithelium
This leads to this plexus controlling secretions of the organs of the GI tract

A

Submucosal (Meissner) plexus-

99
Q

connect the myenteric and submucosal plexuses

A

Interneurons

100
Q

Sensory neurons- supply the mucosal epithelium. Some function as

A

chemoreceptors,

Activated by certain chemicals in food located in the lumen of GI organs

101
Q

Other sensory functions of the mucosal epithelium function as ____

A

baroreceptors (stretch receptors)

Activated when food stretches/distends the wall of a GI organ

102
Q

Helps to regulate the enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

Autonomic Nervous System

103
Q

supply parasympathetic fibers to most parts of GI tract. These parasympathetic nerves form neural connections with the enteric nervous system

A

Vagus (X) nerves

104
Q

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves that innervate the GI tract

A

Causes an increase in GI secretion and motility by increasing activity of the ENS

AP2 B5 (1 decks)

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