Digestive System

Question 1

What are the 8 functions of the digestive system?

Answer 1

1. ingestion
2. mastication
3. secretion
4. absorption
5. elimination of wastes
6. motility
7. hormone release
8. chemical digestion

Question 2

Oral Cavity -

1. Includes (6)
2. lined with ___

Answer 2

1. tongue, teeth, minor and major salivary glands, tonsils, and lips
2. oral mucosa

Question 3

What are the 3 types of oral mucosa?

Answer 3

1. masticatory, lining, and specialized

Question 4

Masticatory Mucosa -

1. found on (2)
2. Surface epithelium is ___ or ___
3. NOTE: superficial cells of parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium keep their ___
4. What are the 2 parts of the LP?
5. papillary layer is ___ CT, which has (4)
6. reticular layer is ___ CT

Answer 4

1. gingiva and hard palate
2. keratinized or parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
3. nuclei
4. papillary and reticular layers
5. thick loose, vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, and some Meissner’s corpuscles
6. more dense

Question 5

Lining Mucosa -

1. found on (5)
2. Surface epithelium is generally ___, but occasionally ___, and lips, vermillion border (reddish part) has ___ epithelium
3. The areas of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium are ___ than the areas of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
4. LP is ___ CT with (2)
5. Submucosa is ___ CT, found ___, and can have (4)

Answer 5

1. soft palate, underside of tongue, floor of mouth, cheeks, and lips
2. nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
3. thicker
4. loose, blood vessels and nerves
5. more dense, minor salivary glands, sebaceous glands (mouth corners), larger blood vessels and nerves too

Question 6

Specialized Mucosa -

1. found ___
2. Surface epithelium is ___ on filiform papillae and ___ on all other papillae
3. (2) general functions

Answer 6

1. on dorsal surface of tongue
2. keratinized stratified squamous, stratified squamous
3. move food and taste

Question 7

Tongue -

1. mucosa is ___ dorsally and ___ posteriorly
2. Surface epithelium includes (4) papillae, ___ are associated with ___ papillae whose function is to ___?
3. Taste buds located on all papillae EXCEPT ___ papillae
4. LP has ___ CT with ___ possible
5. Submucosa is usually considered present on the tongue with ___ possible, contains ___ which produce ___

Answer 7

1. thicker, thinner and smoother
2. filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate (circumvallate), small salivary (von Ebner) glands, vallate, produce serous fluid to cleanse the taste buds of these papillae
3. filiform
4. loose, adipose
5. adipose, lingual salivary glands, same products as the major salivary glands

Question 8

Intrinsic Tongue Muscles -

1. No ___
2. # alternating muscles with arrangement from ___ to ___ within the tongue
3. List the muscles
4. Function of intrinsic muscles

Answer 8

1. external attachment
2. 4, dorsal to posterior
3. superior longitudinal muscle, vertical muscles alternating with transverse muscles, and inferior longitudinal muscle
4. change tongue shape

Question 9

1. What type of epithelium is on filiform papillae?
2. What type of epithelium is found on all others?
3. Von Ebner glands are found with ___ tongue papillae?
4. Taste buds are not found on what papillae?

Answer 9

1. keratinized stratified squamous
2. stratifies squamous
3. vallate
4. filiform

Question 10

List the 6 layers of the tooth from outside in

Answer 10

1. ameloblasts
2. enamel
3. dentin
4. predentin
5. odontoblast
6. dental papilla

Question 11

Ameloblasts -

1. ___ cells
2. What happens after tooth eruption?
3. function

Answer 11

1. polarized columnar
2. no longer exist
3. produce enamel

Question 12

Enamel -

1. ___ thick
2. unique because ___
3. made of ___
4. What happens after tooth eruption?

Answer 12

1. about 2mm
2. the hardest substance in the body
3. interlinked enamel rods
4. cannot make more

Question 13

Dentin -

1. unique because ___
2. contain ___ containing nerves and cell processes of ___
3. produced by ___

Answer 13

1. harder than bone
2. thin dentinal tubules, odontoblasts
3. odontoblasts

Question 14

Predentin -

1. precursor to ___ before ___

Answer 14

1. dentin, mineralization

Question 15

Odontoblast -

1. ___ cells lining ___
2. survive in ___
3. function

Answer 15

1. columnar, pulp cavity
2. adults
3. repair and produce dentin; maintain dentin

Question 16

Dental Papilla -

1. CT with many (2)
2. potential problem

Answer 16

1. blood vessels and nerves (dental pulp)

2. extensive inflammation

Question 17

1. Which cells produce dentin?
2. Which cells produce enamel?
3. Enamel is produced by?
4. CT beneath odontoblasts?
5. What maintains dentin?

Answer 17

1. odontoblasts
2. ameloblasts
3. ameloblasts
4. dental papilla
5. odontoblasts

Question 18

Salivary Glands include (3)

Answer 18

1. parotid
2. submandibular
3. sublingual

Question 19

Parotid Gland -

1. ___ salivary gland but produces % of total salivary output
2. most affected by ___, ___ nerve passes through
3. as one ages this gland commonly becomes infiltrated with ___
4. % ___ producing
5. (3) products produced
6. function of salivary amylase?

Answer 19

1. largest, 30%
2. mumps, facial
3. adipose
4. 100%, serous
5. salivary amylase (alpha amylase), lysozyme, and Secretory IgA
6. breakdown carbs

Question 20

Submandibular Gland -

1. ___ gland but produces % of total salivary output
2. ___ by midlife possible
3. ___ gland producing (2), % ___ producing
4. has serous ___

Answer 20

1. smaller, 60%
2. fatty infiltration
3. mixed, mucus and serous products, 80-90% serous
4. demilunes

Question 21

Sublingual Gland -

1. ___ salivary gland producing % of total salivary output
2. ___ gland producing (2), % ___ producing
3. all serous products come from ___, no separate ___

Answer 21

1. smallest, 5%
2. mixed, mucous and serous products, 80% mucous
3. serous demilunes, serous acini

Question 22

1. Which gland has no separate serous acini?
2. Which gland produces a mixed product but is primarily serous producing?
3. Which gland is 100% serous producing?

Answer 22

1. sublingual gland
2. submandibular
3. parotid gland

Question 23

Luminal wall Structure General Terminology of the Gut -

1. The gut has what four parts?
2. Mucosa which includes (3), LP is ___ CT, MM is ___ muscle
3. Submucosa is ___ CT, larger ___, ___ influences the mucosa
4. Muscularis externa has ___ which is found b/w circular and longitudinal muscle layers whose function is to ___, typically ___ muscle, has typical fiber orientation such as ___
5. Serosa/adventitia is next to ___, serosa is the edge of ___epithelium, adventitia is ___

Answer 23

1. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa or adventitia
2. surface epithelium, loose, smooth
3. more dense, blood vessels, submucosal (Meissner) plexus
4. myenteric (Auerbach) plexus, influence ME, smooth, normal pattern (inner circular and outer longitudinal
5. ME, simple squamous, CT

Question 24

What is the function of the esophagus?

Answer 24

transfer bolus to stomach from the oropharynx

Question 25

The esophagus has what 4 luminal wall structures?

Answer 25

1. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia/serosa

Question 26

Esophagus luminal wall - Mucosa

1. surface epithelium: made of ___, which contains ___ cells, explain
2. LP: ___ CT, can have ___, function, two regions it is located
3. muscularis mucosae: discontinuous layer of ___ muscle, ___ distally (by ___) and ___ proximally (by ___)

Answer 26

1. stratified squamous, langerhans, an APC w/ some phagocytosis possible
2. loose areolar, esophageal cardiac glands, produce neutral mucus to protect esophageal epithelium, often near the pharynx (1st inch) and near stomach (last inch)
3. longitudinal, thinner, pharynx, thicker, stomach

Question 27

Esophagus luminal wall - Submucosa

1. ___ CT
2. contains ___, whose function is ?

Answer 27

1. dense fibroelastic

2. esophageal glands (proper) (scattered along length), produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food

Question 28

esophagus luminal wall - muscularis externa

1. ___ patter of inner ___ and outer ___ layers
2. Upper 1/3 = ___ muscle
3. middle 1/3 = ___ muscle
4. lower 1/3 = ___ muscle

Answer 28

1. normal, circular, longitudinal
2. all skeletal
3. mixture of smooth and skeletal muscle
4. all smooth

Question 29

Esophagus luminal wall - adventitia/serosa

1. primarily ___ except the last 1-2 inches = last 1-2 inches (after diaphragm) = ___

Answer 29

1. adventitia, serosa

Question 30

Characteristics for Physiological Sphincters -

1. No ___
2. ___ aids movement
3. (2) helps

Answer 30

1. thickening of circular muscle in ME
2. pressure gradient
3. muscle contractions and gravity

Question 31

1. What is the epithelium of the esophagus?
2. Muscle found in ME’s middle 1/3 of esophagus?
3. Esophageal proper glands found in which esophagus layer?

Answer 31

1. stratified squamous
2. mix of smooth and skeletal
3. submucosa